- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
587
(c)
Serbs,
Croats,
and
Slovenes
If
the Treaty of Versailles was bitter to the Magyars, it was more than
bountiful to the southern Slavs, the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes,
whom the Magyars cut off, centuries ago, from their northern
linguistic kinsmen. The present kingdom of Yugoslavia includes
almost the totality of the three Slavic peoples mentioned, but also
hundreds of thousands of Magyars, Bulgarians, and Albanians, to
mention merely the more numerous of the subject minorities.
Geographically, Yugoslavia is for the most part mountainous;
culturally, it covers the entire range from the sophisticated
civilization of central Europe to the Early Iron Age survival of the
Balkan highlands.
Among
the Yugoslavs, religion as well as language forms a source of
division; the Croats and Slovenes are Catholics, the Serbs are
mostly Greek Orthodox. Under the term Serb are included, however,
such diverse peoples as the Serbs Proper, the Montenegrins, the
Bosnians, the Herzegovinians, and the Dalmatians. The Bosnians and
Herzegovinians include large minorities of Moslems and Catholics,
and the latter are particularly numerous in Dalmatia. Aside from the
Serbs Proper, only the Montenegrins, whose religion served for
centuries as a symbol of resistance to the Turks, are almost to a
man Greek Orthodox.
Neither
language nor religion, however, nor general type of civilization,
has much bearing on the problem of race in Yugoslavia, since within
this kingdom lies the concentration point of the entire Dinaric
racial zone, which has its western terminus in Austria, Switzerland,
northern Italy, and southern Germany, and its eastern in Albania.
This Dinaric zone closely follows the mountain chain which borders
the Adriatic, and is centered in Montenegro. It is the primary
function of this section, and of that on Albania which follows, to
dissect this Dinaric nucleus and to elucidate the Dinaric problem.
We shall consider in turn the following segments of the southern
Slavic nation: Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, Herzegovinians,
Dalmatians, and Montenegrins.
The
Slovenes,118 who are the westernmost of the southern
Slavs, are linguistically closest to the Croats, whom they border on
the south and east. They arrived in their present territory in the
seventh century a.d.,
and
absorbed the remnants of the Keltic and Illyrian peoples who had
persisted in one form or other through the invasions and turmoils of
the preceding centuries. Their chief area is the former Austrian
province of
Biasutti,
R., APA, vol. 51, 1921, pp. 154-184.
Cwirko-Godyki,
M., RDAP, vol. 41, 1931, pp. 105-120.
Skerlj,
B., ZFMA,
vol. 28,
1930, pp. 213-237; AAnz,
vol. 8,
1932, pp. 126-143; AnthPr,
vols.
1-2, 1927, pp. 55-91.
Weisbach,
A., MAGW,
vol. 33,
1903, pp. 234-251.The living slavs (Concluded)
588
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Carniola,
where they form 94 per cent of the population; beyond its borders
they extend into Styria and Carinthia, and in the south they occupy
part of the peninsula of Istria.
In
stature, head form, and pigmentation, they cannot be distinguished
from the Austrians upon whose territory they touch; their mean
height being 168 cm., their cephalic index 83.4, and almost half
having medium brown to blond hair, while light and light-mixed eyes
total nearly 70 per cent. The length and breadth dimensions of the
head, however, fall at the small end of the Alpine and Dinaric
ranges, with means of 183 mm. and 154 mm.; furthermore, their facial
dimensions are rather small, with a total face height no greater
than 120 mm., and a bizygomatic diameter of 140 mm. A nasal index of
68 is accompanied by a 25 per cent incidence of concave nasal
profiles.
The
metrical characters detailed above indicate that while the stature
and head form of the general Dinaric area are approximated by these
Slavs, the Neo-Danubian type which has reemerged so completely in
northern and eastern Slavic territory is also to be reckoned with
here. The Slovenes provide a partial breach in the Dinaric racial
continuity, comparable to that provided by the Germanic element in
Austria.
This
continuity is, however, partially restored by the Croatians,119
who, with a mean stature of 170 cm., and a mean cephalic index of
85, are intermediate in many respects between the Slovenes and the
Serbs. The pigmentation of the Croatians is equivalent to that of
the Slovenes; their faces are longer and wider, however, their noses
longer, and nasal concavity is reduced to 15 per cent of the
whole.
The
Serbs, who live for the most part to the north and east of the main
Dinaric Alpine chain, and immediately east of the Bosnians and
Montenegrins, founded a kingdom, after their invasion from the
north in the seventh century, in the country drained by the
headwaters of the Lim and White Drin rivers, in what is now the Ipek
region of eastern Montenegro, and the Mitrovitza country.120
The previous occupants were Romanized, Latin-speaking descendants of
Illyrians and Thracians, and of colonists from other parts of the
Roman Empire planted there by the emperors. During the twelfth
century the Serbs expanded southward onto the plain of Kossovo,
whence they made further conquests. Old Serbia, which arose as an
important kingdom during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries,
had as its centers Skoplje and Prizren, which, for the last five
centuries, have been mostly inhabited by Turks and Albanians.
Biasutti,
R., APA, vol. 51, 1921, pp. 154-184.
Hrdli£ka,
A., The
Old Americans.
Weisbach,
A., MAGW, vol. 35, 1905, pp. 99-117.
Anonymous,
MAGW, vol. 18, 1888, pp. 182-190.
Cvijirf,
J., GR, vol. 5, 1918, pp. 345-361.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
589
The
Serbs expanded, during the period of their efflorescence, into
Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly; the arrival of the Ottoman Turks,
however, in the latter part of the fourteenth century, terminated
this period of expansion, and many of the Serbs fled northward,
while others became Turkicized and Albanized. The Albanians, many of
whom were converted to Islam, worked with the Turks rather than
against them, and after the flight of the Serbs from the plain of
Kossovo, this region was soon colonized by Albanians, many of whom
still remain there. The once important Serbian influence in Albania
has left few vestiges, other than Slavic place names, and the
presence of a few islands of Moslem Serb speakers in the mountains,
as in the Gora district of Luma.
In
studying the racial history of the Balkans, it must be borne in mind
that here more than elsewhere in Europe, linguistic and ethnic
boundaries are constantly changing; there have been many wholesale
emigrations and immigrations; whole countrysides have changed not
only masters, but also peasantry, in mass evictions and mass
colonizations. The Balkan peoples change their languages and ethnic
identities with difficulty and only after bitter oppression; it is
easier to transplant than to alter them; once converted, however,
they become as ardent partisans of the new allegiance as of the old.
The Serbs have been subjected to these disturbances as much as
have the others. Their position as the dominant people of Yugoslavia
has only been won through centuries of retrenchment and
struggle; their present effort to Slavicize by force the minorities
within their boundaries is a commonplace of Balkan history.
The
modern Serbs, like the rest of the Yugoslavs, fall more into the
Dinaric racial classification than any other.121 Not as
tall as the inhabitants of the mountain chain itself, they attain a
national stature mean of about 168 cm., which varies somewhat
regionally, reaching the figure of 170 cm. and over as one
approaches Bosnia and Montenegro. The bodily build of the Serbs, as
with most other southern Slavic peoples, is neither thick-set nor
lean as a rule, but of moderate European proportions. A relative
sitting height mean of 52.8 and a relative span of 102, emphasize
the relative length of leg and shortness of arm. These are the
proportions that one finds in southern Germany, rather than in
northern Slavic countries.
The
Serbs, for their stature, have, even more than the Slovenes,
relatively small heads. The mean length is only 182 mm., the
breadth 184.5
Lebzelter,
V., MAGW, vol. 59, 1929, pp. 61-126; vol. 63, 1933, pp. 233-251.
MaleS,
B., Antropoloska
Ispitivanja.
MaleS,
B., and Konstantinovic, B., RDAR, vol. 28, 1928-29, pp. 401-416.
Pittard,
E., REAP, vol. 20, 1910, pp. 307-311.
Wiazemsky,
Prince, Anth, vol. 20, 1909, pp. 353-372.
Wrzosek,
A., WAnt, vol. 1, Z.l, 1922.
590
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
mm.,
while the auricular height mean is only 123 mm. These are smaller
than the heads of most Alpines, and of most western Dinaric groups.
The cephalic index mean of 85 is of fully Dinaric elevation. The
faces are also small, but longer than those of Slovenes and Groats,
with a mean menton- nasion height of 122 mm. The bizygomatic breadth
is likewise restricted, the mean of 140 mm. or less is no greater
than among Nordics and Neo- Danubians. The noses are moderately
leptorrhine (N. I. = 63), and small, (53 mm. X 33 mm.). The nasal
profiles are usually straight, with a 25 per cent convex minority,
and about 12 per cent of concavc. The nasal root is almost always
high, and the tip is inclined horizontally in most cases, but
downward more frequently than upward.
The
Serbs are darker in pigmentation than either the Slovenes or the
Croatians; 45 per cent of eyes are pure brown (Martin #2-4), as
against 20 per cent which are pure or nearly pure light. Over 55 per
cent have black or dark brown hair, while light browns and blonds
come to less than 10 per cent. The beards are, of course, often
lighter than the head hair. The skin is brunet-white or light-brown
in at least a third of the total. It is unlikely that the prevalence
of brunet pigmentation among the Serbs came from a Slavic source,
and as we shall presently see, the high incidence of dark eyes can
hardly be called Dinaric. By elimination we must suppose that the
Serbs, in their sojourn in northern Macedonia, accumulated a strong
brunet tendency.
Bosnia
consists of the six provinces, Bihac, Banjaluka, Tuzla, Travnik,
Sarajevo, and Mostar, which lie between western Croatia, Dalmatia,
Montenegro, and the Slavonian plain. The southernmost province,
Mostar, includes the territory known as Herzegovina, which lies
nearest to Montenegro. The Bosnians serve racially as an
approach to the nucleus of Dinaric giantism in Montenegro.122
Tuzla, in the northeast, has a mean stature of 171 cm.; Biha6 and
Banjaluca, in the northwest, of 172 cm.; in Travnik and parts of
Mostar it rises to 173 cm., in Sarajevo to 174 cm., and in
Herzegovina to 175-176 cm., approaching the Montenegrin level. The
mean cephalic index of the Bosnians is over 85; this varies by
religions, with the Catholics the most brachycephalic (86), and the
Moslems the least (84). The Catholics are likewise the tallest and
the lightest skinned; being the oldest population in the region in
point of conversion, and the least affected by outside influences,
the Catholic element preserves both a pre-Slavic 123 and
a pre-Turkish racial configuration more completely than do the
partisans of Orthodoxy or Islam.
Capus,
G., BSAP,
ser. 4,
vol. 6, 1895, pp. 99-103.
Krauss,
F. S., MAGW,
vol. 15,
1885, pp. 84-87.
Weisbach,
A., MA,GW,
vol. 25,
1895, pp. 206-239; MAGW,
supplement
2, 1889.
Pre-Slavic
in thi chronological sense, not in the sense used by Polish
anthropologists.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
591
In
hair and eye color the Bosnians are intermediate between Croatians
and Serbs; they are darkest in the northeast, and fairest in the
regions nearest Montenegro. Since they form but an extension of
the Montenegrin nucleus, it will suffice here to point out
their near identity with the inhabitants of that former kingdom, and
to leave a detailed description for the latter.
On
the steep and narrow coast of the Dinaric Alps, the zone of Dinaric
racial concentration tapers off abruptly. The mean stature of the
coastal people, from Istria along the Croatian shore and through the
length of Dalmatia almost to the border of Albania, rises regularly
from about 166 cm. to 171 cm., as one proceeds southeastward.124
Although the head form, with a mean cephalic index of 83-84, remains
brachycephalic, the extreme short-headedness of the mountain
interior is not present. The pigmentation changes gradually but
extensively from a prevailingly blond condition in Istria to a
prevalence of dark-mixed and dark eyes, and of black or dark brown
hair, in southeastern Dalmatia. One may attribute the lesser
Dinaricism of the Dalmatians to Italian or to Vlach blood, or to
both,125 but this cannot be the only explanation.
Dalmatia is the home, in solution, of a strong Atlanto-Mediterranean
strain comparable to that found in northern Italy, which must go
back in both places to a considerable antiquity.
The
Montenegrins, who are the tallest people in Europe, live on a barren
limestone mountain upland, where they, for centuries, succeeded in
maintaining their Christianity and their freedom while surrounded by
the Turks. They, like the northern Albanians, preserve their old
exog- amous clan organization, and their clan loyalties and feuds.
They are linguistically Serbs, but there can be no question that
they are to a large extent Slavicized Albanians; the cultural
continuity between the two peoples is striking, the only real
differences being those of language and religion. Although the
Montenegrins are divided geographically into several sections, the
racial differences between these are not great, and for the present
purpose the Montenegrins will b&
dealt with as a whole. Where there are regional differences, the Old
Montenegrins, who show the most extreme development in typically
Montenegrin characters, will be referred to.126
124 Weisbach,
A., ZFE, supplement to vol. 16, 1884, pp. 1-77.
Zampa,
R., RDAP, ser. 3, vol. 1, 1886, pp. 625-648.
128
See Chapter XII, section 16, p. 614.
128
The data upon which the following anthropometric summary is largely
based consists of an unpublished series of over 800
Montenegrins measured by Mr. Robert W. Ehrich, and used here with
his permission. Other sources consulted are:
Haberlandt,
A., and Lebzelter, V., AFA, vol. 45, 1919, pp. 123-154.
Male§,
B., AnthPr, vol. 9, 1931, pp. 125-145.
Pittard,
E., RDAP, vol. 26, 1916, pp. 199-201.
ValSik,
J., PAn, vol. 8, 1934, pp. 53-55.
Vram,
U., ASRA, vol. 11, 1905, pp. 183-193.
592
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
The
mean stature of adult male Montenegrins reaches the figure of 177
cm., and in some districts it rises to 178 cm. The mean weight of a
large series whose average age is 40 years is 160 lbs.; hence they
are probably the heaviest as well as the tallest people in Europe,
being even heavier than the Irish. Although their legs are very
long, their trunks are correspondingly high, and a mean
relative sitting height of 52 is at least 4 points higher than that
for the long-legged Tuareg, who are the only white people of pure
Mediterranean origin to approach them in stature. The Montenegrins’
mean shoulder breath is 39 cm., and their chests are correspondingly
large. The relative span of 101 is extremely low, indicating
that their arms are short in proportion to either leg or trunk
length. The hands and feet are, as is to be expected, usually of
great size. These huge mountaineers are not as a rule slender,
leptosome people; they are often thick-set, and are large all over.
As
is to be expected among men of their stature and bulk, the
Montenegrins have large heads, but these are not quite as large
as those of the somewhat shorter Irish, Icelanders, or Fehmarners.
The mean head length is 188 mm., the breadth 160 mm., the auricular
height about 128 mm. The cephalic index mean is 85, about the same
as for Croatians, Bosnians, and Serbs. The head length, however, is
at least 7 mm. greater than that for these other Yugoslavs,
excepting the Bosnians, who fill an intermediate position; the head
breadth is about 6 mm. greater. The faces are correspondingly large;
the minimum frontal mean is 112 mm., the bizygomatic 147 mm., and
the bigonial 112 mm. The toal face height, 127 mm. in Old
Montenegro, rises to a mean of over 130 mm. in Brda and the northern
border tribes; the nose height reaches the remarkable elevation
of 61 mm., while the breadth is 36 mm.
The
facial index, in view of the great size of both component diameters,
lies at 89 in Old Montenegro, on the border between mesoprosopy and
leptoprosopy; it rises to 91 in Brda and the northern border tribes.
The upper facial index, 53 in Old Montenegro, has a mean of 55 in
the north. The nasal index is hyperleptorrhine, with tribal means
ranging between 58 and 60. The widest faces, the shortest faces, and
the lowest upper facial indices, as well as the widest foreheads and
jaws, are concentrated in the southwest, Old Montenegro. These
excesses are not typically Dinaric; they suggest only one possible
relationship, and that is with the unreduced Upper Palaeolithic
races.
The
Montenegrins are prevailingly dark brown in head hair color; in Old
Montenegro some 45 per cent of adult males belong to this class,
while 20 per cent are medium brown, and 26 per cent auburn, or brown
with a perceptible reddish tinge. The tribesmen of Brda and the
northern border are somewhat darker, and show less rufosity.
The beards are
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
593
much
lighter than the head hair; among Old Montenegrins 43 per cent are
reddish brown, and 8 per cent contain a pure red element; only 17
per cent are dark brown. In Brda golden-brown beards are extremely
common, as frequent as 39 per cent; in the northern border tribes,
24 per cent. The rufosity of the Montenegrins, and their tendency to
golden blondism, is not only extreme, but is particularly unusual
for this part of Europe. It will be recalled that the Serbians,
traditionally close relatives of the Montenegrins, are much darker
haired, and that the Slavs in general, when blond, favor the
ash-blond side of the scale, being almost entirely deficient in
rufosity.
Twenty-five
per cent of Old Montenegrins have pure dark eyes, and 10 per cent
pure light ones. The pure darks are almost all mixtures between
dark brown and light brown shades, while the pure lights are
grayish blue. The mixed class, by far the largest, consists of
37 per cent green- brown, 20 per cent blue-brown, and 6 per cent
gray-brown. The northern border tribes and Brda are lighter eyed
than Old Montenegro, with only 20 per cent of pure darks. On the
whole the Montenegrins have lighter eyes than the Serbs, and fully
as light as the Slovenes and Croatians. Over 80 per cent have
pinkish white unexposed skin color, ranging from von Luschan #3 to
7, 8, and 9; a small minority have skins which are as dark as light
brown. About 25 per cent show some freckling, as is to be expected
in association with rufosity.
The
head hair is straight or nearly straight among half the Old
Montenegrins, wavy among the rest; in the other tribes the
ratio of straight runs higher. The beard and body hair are, as a
rule, moderate to abundant; the glabrosity of the eastern Slavs
rarely appears here. Baldness, either partial or involving the whole
crown of the head, is quite common. The eyebrows are as a rule
thick, and concurrent in 80 per cent of the group. Exceptionally
heavy browridges, rare among other Slavs, are found in about 20 per
cent. The eyes are frequently deep set, with a narrow opening
between the lids; three men out of four have external eyefolds.
A low orbit, a quite un-Dinaric character, seems frequent.
The
nose again in many cases diverges from a Dinaric standard; deep
nasion depressions are common, and the nasal root is often of only
moderate height and moderate breadth. The bridge is frequently but
by no means always high, and of medium breadth. Among the Old
Montenegrins, non-Dinaric nasal characters are commoner than among
the other tribal groups. Fifty-two per cent of convex nasal
profiles, however, retain the Old Montenegrins as a whole in the
Dinaric class; the ratio is higher elsewhere. Fifteen per cent
are concave, and 4 per cent definitely snubbed. The tip is of medium
thickness in most cases, and inclined downward more frequently than
upward. It must be remembered that in this case we are
594
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
dealing
with a series of men whose mean age is 40 years, and that among
Dinaric peoples the depression of the nasal tip is a phenomenon of
advancing age. On the whole the Montenegrins show a variety of
nasal forms; the large hawk-beak for which they are famous is the
most common, but alongside it is a large-tipped, low-bridged form
which is less frequent but even more characteristic.
The
lips are usually of moderate integumental and slight membranous
thickness; eversion is usually slight, and this last feature may be
associated with a 25 per cent incidence of the primitive
edge-to-edge manner of dental occlusion. Although the malars are
rarely prominent in the forward plane, the zygomatic arches
frequently jut widely to the side; the gonial angles are of
exaggerated prominence in nearly half the group. In the back of the
head, occipital protrusion is usually slight to absent; occipital
flattening is present in 43 per cent of the Old Montenegrins, and
even commoner in some of the other groups. Lambdoidal flattening is
even more frequent; few heads show no flattening in either the
lambdoid region or below it.
The
Montenegrins, after a detailed examination, are seen to be far from
typical Dinarics in many features; they are too large-bodied, too
large-headed, and too broad-faced; their noses are too frequently
broad and thick-tipped. They are also far too rufous for the
ordinary Dinaric type. Taking the Montenegrins individually, one
finds many who do conform to standard Dinaric specifications, but
are all taller than most Dinarics elsewhere; there are also some
short, thick-set Alpines, and a minority of tall, brunet
dolichocephals or near dolichocephals whom we shall also find
farther south in Albania. But the Montenegrin of distinctive
type, concentrated in Old Montenegro, is a very tall, large-bodied
man, with a large, full-vaulted head abbreviated at the rear; his
face is very broad, his jaw heavy, his brows overhanging, and his
nose large and thick-tipped. It is this type which bears the
rufosity in hair color, the freckling, and a tendency to light-mixed
eye color. Most of the Montenegrins are intermediate between
this type and a more conventional Dinaric.
The
Old Montenegrin type, concentrated in the southwestern mountain
fringe of Montenegro, just north of the Lake of Scutari, in the most
conservative part of the kingdom culturally, and the ethnic center
of the Montenegrin nation, is nothing more nor less than a local
unreduced brachycephalized Upper Palaeolithic survival or
reemergence, comparable to those found in northern Europe and
northern Africa. Its growth to an extreme size is a local
specialization, in which selection may have played a part, as well
possibly as nutritive factors associated with life on a limestone
mountain. Mixture with this Borreby-like type, and a response to the
same selective and environmental influences, have elevated the
stature