- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
529
ital
flattening is common; the nasal profile is usually straight, and the
nasal tip often snubbed.
Houz6’s
regressions make it clear that there are, in this Mendonck
population, two clearly distinguishable types, a Frankish Nordic,
with a stature of about 167 cm., and leptorrhine; and a Borreby type
with a stature of 171 cm., and a messorrhine tendency. The tall
brachycephals have a heavy body build, a broad face, a deep, heavy
jaw, short upper facial segment, and heavy browridges. The Nordic
type runs more to prominence and length of nose and upper face, and
less to bony eminences in general. It is a more delicate, less
massive type.
The
conclusions derived from this study are not that the Flemings are
Nordics and the Walloons Alpines, as has been frequently stated. The
Flemings are, in fact, a people who are largely Nordic, and who
derived their Nordic blood from their linguistic ancestors, the
Franks. The Nordic sub-type of the Franks is that of the Keltic Iron
Age. They have absorbed, especially in western Flanders, a certain
amount of Borreby blood by intermarriage with the earlier
inhabitants of the Flemish plain, who lived there in small numbers
before this plain had been dyked and drained. The Walloons are the
descendants of the large-headed highland population of the
Neolithic, which was of mixed Alpine and Borreby derivation. To this
has been added a Nordic accretion, and the actual metrical
differences between Flemings and Walloons, while consistent,
are not great. Only the inhabitants of the province of Luxemburg may
be called Alpines in the strict sense, and their relationship is
clearly with Lorraine and Burgundy.
In
the days when the country south of the Rhine was Keltic, those
portions of the present kingdom of Netherlands which lie north
of that river were occupied, along the coast and on the islands, by
Frisians, and to the east of the Zuyder Zee by a Frankish tribe, the
Batavii. Farther to the north and east lived the Saxons, south of
whom was the main home of the Franks. Troubles between the Saxons
and Franks impelled the latter to cross the Rhine and dislodge the
Belgae; at the same time some of the Saxons settled in the northern
Netherlands, in the Groningen country. Thus the northern half of the
Netherlands had been Germanic territory since the earliest
settlement of Germanic peoples in the country between the Rhine and
the Elbe, which dates back to at least 500 B.C.;
27
the southern half shares its Germanic history with Flanders.
Linguistically
the Netherlands is divided into two parts, the greater area, in
which modern Dutch, a Frankish derivative closely related to
Flemish, is spoken; and the lesser area in which the idiom is
Frisian.
37
Reche, O., VUE, vol. 4, 1929, pp, 129-158, 193-215.
The netherlands and frisia
530
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Frisian
is a waning language, since it is not official in any country. It
once, however, was spoken all along the North Sea coast from western
Flanders to Denmark. Jtt
present it is spoken only on the Frisian Islands and in the Dutch
province of Friesland, as well as in a small section of
Schleswig-Holstein. The Frisian Islands belong partly to the
Netherlands, and partly to Germany. In the present section we shall
overstep political frontiers in order to treat the Frisians as an
ethnic unit.
The
geography of the Netherlands has not, in historic times, been
static; Dutch history has been an endless struggle between the
inroads of the sea over gradually sinking land and human
ingenuity.28
Before the Nether- landers undertook the task of dyke-building,
their ancestors made use of a less effective engineering device, the
terp, or artificial habitation platform. The Iron Age farmers built
these flat mounds out on land subject to flooding; on the terps they
erected their houses, and in them buried their dead. At the times of
the two semi-annual equinoctial floods, they crowded their livestock
and all their perishable belongings on the tops of these edifices.
Although
the terps would withstand ordinary floods, every now and then came
an inundation which swept over their tops and destroyed much life
and property. One such flood, dated by historians at 350 B.C.,
is
believed to have isolated the West Frisian Islands from the
mainland, and to have let the sea into the erstwhile fresh-water
lake, which from then on became the Zuyder Zee. The Cimbri, the
first Germanic invaders of Italy, are supposed to have migrated en
masse from the Low Countries after this great flood, and their
account of it greatly impressed the Romans. From then on disasters
of this kind continued until the building of adequate dykes
during the Middle Ages. Of all the Lowlanders, including the
Flemings, the Saxons, and the Frisians, the Frisians have taken the
greatest losses, and have had much of their land washed out from
under their feet.
The
total of pre-iron Age skeletal material from the Netherlands is
small,29
but from what there is, coupled with a general knowledge of local
archaeology, we may deduce that in the Neolithic period the southern
provinces of Limburg and North Brabant were culturally and racially
connected with Belgium, while in the northern and coastal provinces
the Danish and North German cultures found a southern extension.
Later the Bell Beaker people used the mouth of the Rhine as a route
of entry into southern Germany, and also as a point of departure for
Britain. It is likely that some, at least, of the Borreby blood
which the Bell Beaker people absorbed before their departure for
England came from this
28
Van Overloop, M., BSAB, vol. 6, 1887, pp. 35-53.
»
Van den Broek, A. J. P., MEM, vol. 6, 1930, pp. 401-417.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
531
source.
With the expansion of the Germanic peoples into the portion of the
Netherlands lying north of the Rhine, the coastal fringe of Borreby
people broke into isolated groups, and many of these early
inhabitants were absorbed.30
The arrival of the Germanic settlers, and the erection of the terps,
which date from about 500 b.c.
to
800 a.d.,
provided
the first real skeletal evidence of consequence.31
There
are two main areas in which terps were built; along the coast of
Friesland and along that of Groningen. The two areas are not
contiguous,' being divided by the inlet known as Lauwers Zee. The
former is called Friterpia, the latter Groterpia. The crania from
both these regions are typically Nordic in the early Germanic sense;
the Friterpians, with a mean cranial index of 73.7, were slightly
longer headed than the Groter- pians, whose mean is 75.4. Both of
these skeletal groups are moderately high-vaulted, with mean
basion-bregma Jieights of 136 mm.; in this dimension as in those of
the face, they resemble very closely the crania of the early
Anglo-Saxons who invaded England. Some of the Friterpian skulls are
very low-vaulted, and show evidence of deformation; this is still
practiced on the island of Marken in the Zuyder Zee, where the
picturesque head-dress so admired by tourists is said to be the
effective agent.32
In both groups most of the individual skulls are of classic
Germanic type; some, however, are mesocephalic, and incline
morphologically in the direction of the Briinn race, or of the
Borreby. These latter are commoner in Groterpia than in Friterpia.
Part of this Palaeolithic strain may have been brought in by the
Germanic ancestors, part absorbed locally.
During
the Middle Ages the cranial form of the inhabitants of Groterpia and
Friterpia, who had by now come down off their terps, changed
gradually. The West Frisians from Friterpian country grew less
dolichocephalic, until their mean cranial indices rose to 77;
the Groningen people retained their lead of a single index point,
with 78. These changes involved the vault almost entirely, and
had little effect on the face.
A
series of crania from Zuid Beveland, the largest island of the
province of Zeeland, comes from a section of the island which was
swamped by floods in 1530 and 1532; they date from the period
immediately before this disaster. These skulls are markedly
brachycephalic,38
and support
The
evidence for the early existence of a coastal fringe of Borreby
people reaching from Denmark to Flanders consists largely of
survivals. Owing to the subsidence of the land along this
shoreline, much of the early skeletal evidence must lie under
water.
Folmer,
H. C., AFA, vol. 26, 1900, pp. 747-763.
Nyessen,
D. J. H., The
Passing of the Frisians.
Reche,
O., VUR, 1929.
«
Barge, J. A. J., PIIA, session 3, Amsterdam, 1927, pp. 63-71.
88
Sasse, A., AFA, vol. 6, 1873, pp. 76-83.
532
THE
RAGES OF EUROPE
the
evidence of Saaftingen that the Scheldt region was a pocket of
survival for round-headed coastal people well through the
Middle Ages.
The
living Netherlanders, as is to be expected, belong more to a Nordic
type than to any other, while large-headed brachycephals form an
important minority. The stature of Dutch conscripts has
increased from 164 cm. in 1863-67, to 171 cm. in 1921-25.34
At its present level Dutch stature shows marked regional values;
Limburg, which extends southward between Belgium and Germany as a
Dutch appendage, has a mean of 168 cm., comparable to that of
Flemings. North Brabant’s mean is 169 cm., and Zeeland’s 170 cm.
The coastal provinces north of the Rhine are taller than those
inland; the tallest being Friesland, with a mean of 172 cm.
The
mean cephalic index of the Netherlands is 80.3. The regional
variation is slight, but geographically significant; the West
Frisian Islands have indices of 79, and in general the northern
coast is the longest-headed part of the country, while the southern
and eastern provinces have higher means.35
The general picture of the Dutch as a predominantly Nordic people
who have absorbed a certain amount of Upper Palaeolithic European
blood is substantiated by a detailed study of 70 Netherlanders
measured both at home and in America.36
This group, with a mean stature of 173 cm. and a cephalic index of
79, fits almost exactly into the metrical category of the British
and of Americans of British descent. The dimensions of the head and
face are definitely Nordic, with a suggestion of the
Palaeolithic strains in a number of measurements, notably the
bigonial mean of 108 mm.
The
pigmentation of the Dutch as a group is predominantly blond; the
inhabitants of the provinces north of the Rhine may be included in
the lightest zone of Europe.37
South of the Rhine, brown and dark-mixed eyes, which are rare in the
north, rise to 30 per cent and over of the population, and are
especially numerous in Zeeland and Limburg. The com-' monest hair
color among the Dutch is brown, of light to medium shade, but golden
blondism is common in the north, especially in Frisian country. The
Frisians have been studied in more detail than the rest of the
34
Van den Broek, A. J. P., KAWA, vol. 30, #6, 1927, pp. 685-694; PUA,
session 3, Amsterdam, 1927, pp. 211-215.
Barge,
J. A. J., MEM, pp. 284-285.
Van
den Broek, A. J. P., MEM, vol. 6, 1930, pp. 401-417.
Sasse,
J., BNAV, 1913, pp. 8-11.
The
recent government survey of the C. I. in the Netherlands should soon
make it possible to treat this subject with greater clarity.
36Steggerda,
M., AJPA, vol. 16, 1932, pp. 309-337.
37
Beddoe, J., The
Races of Britain,
p. 203.
Bolk,
L., BSAP, ser. 5, vol. 5, 1905, pp. 578-586.
Reche,
O., VUR, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
533
Netherlanders;
the consideration of this group leads us outside Dutch territory,
however, for the Frisians, like the Basques, are an ethnic unit but
not a nation. They differ from their neighbors not only in language,
but also in a number of cultural traits which they possess in
common. There are three groups of Frisians; the West Frisians, who
occupy the province of Frisia in the Netherlands and the islands
from Texel to Rot- tumeroog, which stretch between the point of
North Holland and the mouth of the Ems; the East Frisians, who live
on the islands lying between the Ems mouth and the Weser, from
Borkum to Wangeroog; and the North Frisians, who live partly on the
mainland of Schleswig-Holstein, between Tonder, which is now in
Denmark, and Husum, and partly on the islands of Norstrand,
Pellworm, and the Halligen. The islanders of Sylt, Fohr, and Amrum
are only half Frisian; their dialect contains Saxon elements, and
the islanders consider themselves more Saxon than Frisian.
The
earliest known home of the Frisians was the island chain of the
present West and East Frisia, and the adjacent portions of the
mainland. The North Frisians migrated to their present location
about 800 a.d.,
partly
taking over abandoned country, and partly absorbing the earlier
inhabitants, the Ambrones, whose name has been preserved in that of
the island of Amrum. All of the Frisian Islands have suffered from
sinking and erosion; many islands have disappeared and others
undercut to fractions of their earlier area.
The
Frisians were important historically for a few centuries between the
Anglo-Saxon invasion of England and the reign of Charlemagne, to
whom they submitted in 785 a.d.
During
this period they were far-wandering seafarers, and engaged in trade
with all the countries bordering on the North Sea, and were
especially active in the slave trade. The development of the Viking
sea power farther north began only after the collapse of the Frisian
hegemony.
All
three Frisian groups have been subjected to careful anthropometric
study; in North Frisia the Wiedingharde and Bokingharde
mainlanders,38
in East Frisia the Spiekeroog islanders,39
and in West Frisia the Terschell- ing islanders,40
have been thoroughly investigated. In all three, the anthropometric
results are much the same. They are all tall, with mean statures of
170 cm. or over; all groups run long-legged, with relative sitting
height means of 51, broad-shouldered and wide-spanned, with relative
spans of 106 and 107.
They
are very large-headed, with mean head lengths of 194 mm. to 198 mm.,
and breadths of 155 mm. to 159 mm. The West and East
Sailer,
K,, JNVH,
vol.
16, 1929, pp. 119-139.
Ruhnau,
K., ARGB,
vol.
16, 1925, pp.
378 if.
Sasse,
J.,
BNAV, 1913,
pp. 8-11.
534
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Frisians
are mesocephalic, with mean cephalic indices of 79.5; the North
Frisians are sub-brachycephalic, with means of 81.5. The vault
heights run from 123 to 125 mm., moderate in view of the great
length and breadth dimensions. The faces are large, with minimum
frontal diameter means of 108-112 mm., bizygomatics of 140-143 mm.,
and bigonials of 108-110 mm. The faces are quite long (125-130 mm.)
in the West and East Frisian samples, and shorter (120-124 mm.)
in North Frisia. Noses are large, and extremely leptorrhine. The
nasal profile is straight or wavy in about half the individuals;
concave in 15 per cent, and convex in 35 per cent. The hair is blond
to medium brown, especially the latter (SalJer-Fischer chart A-O),
in over 60 per cent, except for the North Frisian parish of
Bokingharde, where it is darker; red hair runs as high as 7 per cent
on Spiekeroog. The eyes are pure blue or light-mixed in 70 per cent
to 80 per cent of instances. The Frisians are among the blondest
people in the world.
Metrically
and morphologically, the Frisians belong for the most part to a
well-marked type, which is very Nordic in the usual sense of the
word, but which, in the sense employed in this book, is something
different. The Germanic Nordic element is without doubt strong, but
the excessive size of head and face, and particularly the facial
breadths, make it clear that the old Upper Palaeolithic elements,
Briinn as well as Borreby, have been incorporated in quantity. In
view of the great facial lengths and the ruggedness and angularity
of the facial profile typical of Frisians, and of their spare body
build, one is led to postulate an excess of Corded factors as
well.
The
West and East Frisians conform most frequently to the ideal Frisian
form, a long, angular, large-boned type with large hands and feet, a
large, bony head and face, with a prominent jaw, thin lips, a long,
straight nose, heavy browridges, and a high forehead. In late middle
age the features, sharply cut in youth, tend to grow coarser, and
the body heavy. In North Frisia, where the Frisian settlement is
younger than elsewhere, shorter, smaller-framed men, hook-nosed,
with retreating foreheads, and often with darker hair and eye color,
form a second type, which is palpably Dinaric and may be a survival
of the Bronze Age. In all Frisian countries, but particularly
in North Frisia, a third type is found as a minor element, a
familiar Borreby derivative; it consists of tall, heavy men, whose
bodies tend to fat, with round, red faces, and noses which are often
snubbed or concave. This type is frequently very blond, and
fairer-haired than the more usual Frisian type. In North Frisia its
especial frequency is attributed to Jutish infusion from the
North.41
The
study of the Frisians leads us to the conclusion that the survival
of overgrown Upper Palaeolithic types in quantity is not confined to
Norway
Lehmann,
O., VUR, vol. 1, 1926, pp. 7-19.