- •1. Topographic Surface Anatomy
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •3. Superficial Face
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •4. Neck
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •5. Nasal Region
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •6. Oral Region
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •7. Pharynx
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •13. Cerebral Vasculature
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •14. Topographic Anatomy
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •16. Spinal Cord
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Thorax
- •18. Topographic Anatomy
- •Guides
- •Facts & Hints
- •19. Mammary Gland
- •Guides
- •Facts & Hints
- •20. Body Wall
- •Guides
- •Facts & Hints
- •21. Lungs
- •Guides
- •Facts & Hints
- •22. Heart
- •Guides
- •Facts & Hints
- •23. Mediastinum
- •Guides
- •Facts & Hints
- •Abdomen
- •24. Topographic Anatomy
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •25. Body Wall
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •26. Peritoneal Cavity
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •27. Viscera (Gut)
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •28. Viscera (Accessory Organs)
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •29. Visceral Vasculature
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •30. Innervation
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •32. Topographic Anatomy
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •35. Urinary Bladder
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •39. Testis, Epididymis & Ductus Deferens
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •40. Rectum
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •41. Vasculature
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •42. Innervation
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Upper Limb
- •43. Topographic Anatomy
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •48. Neurovasculature
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Lower Limb
- •49. Topographic Anatomy
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •51. Knee
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
- •54. Neurovasculature
- •Guide
- •Facts & Hints
FACTS & HINTS
High-Yield Facts
Anatomic Points
Mechanism of Defecation (Emptying of Bowel)
Occurs as the result of action of the pelvic splanchnic nerves-increase peristaltic action of rectum
Feces move through anal canal
Pressure in rectum causes reflexcontraction of external anal sphincter
Contraction of external anal sphincter causes relaxation of peristaltic contraction
External anal sphincter relaxes and defecation occurs
Clinical Points
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page 203
Anal Hemorrhoids (Varicosities)
Can be internal or external
Internal
Are prolapses of mucosal lining containing internal venous plexus
Can prolapse through anal canal, become strangulated bysphincters, and ulcerate
Are painless
External
Are blood clots in external venous plexus
Are painful
Are caused by
Anything that increases intra-abdominal pressure, such as chronic constipation (straining) or pregnancy
Portal hypertension (cirrhosis of the liver)
Varicosities of the venous plexuses are normal
Internal hemorrhages can occur without portal hypertension
Ischiorectal and Perianal Abscesses
Anumber of potential tissue spaces surround the anal canal and rectum and maybecome infected because of
Inflammation of anal sinuses
Extension of an infection from the pelvis
Tear in the mucous membrane of the anal canal
Abscesses are classified according to the space occupied:
submucosal
peri-anal
intersphincteric
ischiorectal
perirectal
Perianal and ischiorectal account for approximately80% of all abscesses
Rectal prolapse
Eversion of the lower part of the rectum and anal canal
Occurs as a result of weakness of pelvic floor muscles and breakdown of pelvic fascia
Common in elderly(older than 80 years)
More common in women, since perineum is weakened bychildbirth
Digital Rectal Examination
Performed with patient in left lateral position
Perianal region is initiallyinspected for fistulae, fissures, skin tags, and prolapsed hemorrhoids
Ninetypercent of rectal cancers palpable
Surfaces of sacrum and coccyxand ischial spines and tuberosities can be palpated
Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes and ischiorectal (ischioanal abscesses can also be palpated)
In men: prostate and seminal vesicles can be palpated anteriorly
In women: cervixcan be palpated anteriorly
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