- •Предисловие
- •4 Тематических текста первого уровня сложности (ia, ib, ic, id) со следующими за ними лексическими упражнениями непосредственно по текстам
- •4 Тематических текста второй степени сложности(iia, iib, iic, iid) со следующими за ними лексическими упражнениями непосредственно по текстам
- •Unit One
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text I-a
- •Part one Primary school
- •Public School
- •University
- •System of higher education in the usa
- •Topics to discuss.
- •American Terminology is sometimes confusing
- •Placement – определение места
- •Many experiments are carried out by us in our laboratory.
- •Ex23: Translate into English using the Passive Voice
- •The articles Ex24: Insert articles where necessary
- •Vocabulary
- •Text 5 "Альма-матер" наших дней.
- •Reviewing Exercises
- •Keys to the above Ex-s:
- •Supplementary material
- •By Anne c.Lewis
- •Vocabulary
- •Benjamin Franklin
- •Сочетания с глаголами широкой семантики: take, get, make – do…
- •The school curriculum and academic programs
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to the text
- •Managing your study time
- •Vocational Education
- •Text 1-d Text 1-d Easy living at Japan's colleges
- •Text iib
- •By Nicholas Morgan
- •Vocabulary
- •Now a High School Senoir
- •Ex 2 Replace the infinitive in brackets by the correct tense form – the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite (Active)
- •Ex 3 Make up sentences following the model
- •Ex 4 Draw conclusions.
- •Ex 5 Make up the dialogues following the model using the words given below,
- •Ex 6 Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the usage of the Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous.
- •Ex 8 Translate into English using the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •Ex 9 Open the brackets putting the verbs in the Past Indefinite and Past Perfect.
- •Ex 10 Open the brackets using the proper tense forms.
- •Ex 11 Open the brackets putting the infinitive in the Future Perfect.
- •Ex 12 Put the verbs in brackets in the proper tense form (Active)
- •Ex 14 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech following the examples. Notice the changes in the pronouns.
- •Vocabulary
- •Зачеты и учебные нагрузки
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Quotations and jokes.
- •Lord Samuel
- •Flannery o'Connor
- •Модальные глаголы, сослагательное наклонение, условные предложения, многозначность глаголов should, would, could, might, need….
- •Introductory text Some Important things from the Educational Environment
- •Part 1 Uniting two campuses
- •Part 3 Room to grow
- •Text I-c
- •Part 4 New campus to train for future
- •Text I-d
- •Part 6 Lab expands health program
- •Renovating for expansion
- •Shortening Year does no Harm
- •Free and Open competition
- •Avoiding a Brain Drain
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Ex.13 Translate the sentences into English using the verb need as in the examples ( Need)
- •The Comparison of Adjective and Adverbs
- •Foundation Considers Options
- •Bewildering Array of Institutes
- •Efforts to Aid Russia's Scholars Are More Than a Humanitarian Gesture
- •'Someone Specific'
- •Favorable Exchange Rate
- •'Flood of Applications
- •Vocabulary
- •Sports clubs
- •Fencing club
- •The Rugby Club
- •Regular practices
- •Quotations and jokes.
- •What is engineering
- •Word Study to the Text
- •Science and Engineering
- •Word Study to the Text
- •Artificial stupidity
- •Gameboys and girls stay in to play Buy a computer, one mother explains, and life can never be the same again
- •Engineering Ethics
- •The Gerund
- •Speech practice
- •Ex.Interpret the following passages using the given words
- •В сетях компьютера
- •Часть 1. "Персоналки'
- •Часть 2. Компьютер-шпион (spy)
- •Буду вечно молодым?
- •Supplementary Texts Public Image of Engineering
- •Coming soon – robot slave for everyone
- •Engineering Education
- •Electronics
- •Realms of Engineering
- •Ex. Answer the following questions
- •Engineering Work
- •Глобализация образования. Коммуникация Интернет как образовательная система: преимущества и недостатки; возможности
- •Languages
- •The library of the future
- •A lesson learned
- •Distance education: a means to an end, no more, no less.
- •В сетях компьютера
- •Мировая паутина
- •Рукописи не горят, а дискеты устаревают
- •В мире изобретений.
- •Самое значительное достижение
- •Compaq computer
- •People Like Electronic Announcers
- •Do men and women speak the same languages?
- •Quatations and jokes
- •Unit VI Карьера и выдающиеся личности современности Биографии выдающихся людей из разных областей знаний, автобиография. Авторское резюме
- •Introductory text Our Century and the next One
- •Young engineers.
- •Oceans of research.
- •The assembly line
- •Still Sprinting
- •Not so snow white after all.
- •William Randolph Hearst
- •They write in the newspapers he was invited to
- •Travel writer
- •Publisher
- •Ines de la Fresange Model
- •Actress
- •Record Producer
- •Improve your interpreting skills
- •It ceases to be the goal. The game is what counts.
- •Скромность украшает.
- •У Нewlett-Рackard - новый президент. Карлтон фьорина сменяет платта.
- •Дело о пеликанах.
- •Кэрол Хиггинс Кларк
- •Профессор Умберто Эко.
- •Billion dollar brain.
- •Pablo Picasso's Fortune
- •The private side.
- •Taking a flier on tne web.
- •Экология человека в естественной и кибер-интеллектуальной среде
- •Introductory text
- •Artificial stupidity
- •We Are in the Middle of a Cyberwar
- •Portable databases help doctors practice more efficient.
- •A case for smokeless zones
- •In Britain’s offices).
- •Nicotine traps
- •Pipe dream
- •Speak English outside of class
- •Use a dictionary when he writs
- •Attending a conference
- •Первый раз дедушка пожаловался на ревматизм в 1812 г.
- •Воздействие (influence) компьютера на человека.
- •Флирт в сети.
- •A workaholic economy.
- •Baltic sea problems.
- •The right time and place
- •Dealing with stress
- •Pollution
- •Quatations and jokes
- •Права человека Права личности и права учащегося.
- •Introductory text age of majority (or gaining rights)
- •Intellectual property.
- •Legal Status of Engineering Societies
- •Bridging the digital divide.
- •1.Government records
- •2. Personal files
- •Book banning must be stopped
- •Five Key Questions about Modern Medical Science
- •Tenancy agreement No._______
- •Improve your interpreting skills
- •Gender in Education
- •Часть 1.
- •Часть 2.
- •Часть 3.
- •Text 4. Хакеры и «крэкеры». Agree or disagree with the author.
- •Invasion of the Sight to Privacy
- •United States Legal System
- •The whole world is watching.
- •By Jennifer Tanaka
- •Secretaries: the wasted asset.
- •Quatations and jokes
- •Список основных сокращений, используемых в деловой корреспонденции:
- •1. Post-school or tertiary education usa
- •Great britain
- •1. University people
- •1. University degrees
- •1. Grading system
- •Grades: a, d, c, d, f Quality points: 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0,0.0
- •1. Some additional university terms
- •Неправильные глаголы
- •Unit I. Системы образования
- •Direct & Indirect Speech. Сочетания с глаголами широкой семантики:
- •Навыки перевода (Rus – Eng)
- •1. Университет...................................................................................
- •1. Grades.. As Others See Us.........................................................................................
- •Unit II. Содержание образования в разных странах
- •You Get What You Pay For* Навыки перевода (Rus – Eng)
- •Unit VII. Экология человека в естественной и кибер-интеллектуальной средe
Coming soon – robot slave for everyone
THE HUMAN brain contains I am told, 10 thousand million cells and each of these may have a thousand connections. Such enormous numbers used to daunt us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability, but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure.
Quite soon, in only 10 or 20 years perhaps, we will be able to assemble a machine as complex as the human brain, and if we can we will. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.
I think it certain that in decades not centuries, machines of silicon will arise first to rival and then surpass their human progenitors. Once they surpass us they will be capable of their own design. In a real sense they will be reproductive. Silicon will have ended carbon’s long monopoly. And ours too, I suppose, for we will no longer be able to deem ourselves the finest intelligence in the known universe.
In principle it could be stopped. There will be those that try but it will happen none the less. The lid of Pandora’s box is starting to open.
But let us look a little closer to the present: by the end of this decade manufacturing decline will be nearly complete – with employment in manufacturing industries less than 10 per cent in Britain. The goods are still needed but, as with agriculture already, imports and technical change will virtually remove all employment.
The Japanese are aiming to make computers dealing with concepts rather than numbers with thousands of times more power than current large machines. This has triggered a swift and powerful response in the American nation. There is a large joint programme of development among leading US computer companies, and IBM, though it says nothing, may well have the biggest programme of all.
These projects are aimed at what are loosely termed fifth-generation computers. These are really a new breed of machine entirely and will be as different from today’s computers as today’s computer is from an adding machine.
The simple microprocessor provides sufficient intelligence for current assembly line robots. As robots learn to see and feel, their brains will grow. Eventually, and not too far in the future, they will make decisions on the production line currently delegated to a supervisor.
Outside the factory we employ men’s minds in two principal ways; as founts of knowledge and as makers of decisions. The former of these attributes is now falling prey to the machine with the development of “expert systems” whereby the acquired knowledge of a man, an expert in mining for example, is made to repose in the memory of a computer. The transfer of data from human to machine mine is neither easy nor swift but once attained it may be copied at will and broadcast. A formerly scarce resource can thus become plentiful.
The ability to reach wise conclusions, as we expect of a doctor or lawyer, from much or scant data will long remain man’s monopoly – but not always.
Fifth-generation computers will share this prerogative. Tomorrow we may take our ailments to a machine as readily as to a man. In time that machine will be in the house, removing the need to journey to the doctor and providing a far more regular monitoring of the state of health than it is now economic to provide.
The computer as surrogate teacher may bring even more benefits. Today, and as long as we depend on humans, we must have one teacher to many pupils. The advantage of a tutor for each child is clear and if that tutor is also endlessly patient and superhumanly well-informed we may expect a wonderful improvement in the standard of education. What, though, is the purpose if, in this imagined future, there are no jobs?
Curiously we can find analogies in the past. Freemen of Periclean Athens led not such different lives as we might live, for where we will have machines, they had slaves who served both to teach and as menials. Thanks perhaps to their fine education, the freemen of Athens seem not to have found difficulty in filling their time.
Just as they did, we will need to educate our children to an appreciation of the finer things of life, to inculcate a love of art, music and science. So we may experience an age as golden as that of Greece.
As the intelligence of robots increases to emulate that of human and as their cost declines though economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments inimical to ourselves. Thus, deserts may bloom and the ocean beds be mined.
Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, we can really begin to use space to our advantage. The construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power and, should we so choose, we may begin in earnest the search for worlds beyond our solar system and the colonisation of the galaxy.
Sir Clive Sinclair
Vocabulary to the Text:
slave - раб
brain - мозг
contain - содержать
cell - клетка
connection - связь, соединение
enormous - огромный
used to - бывало
daunt - обескураживать
cause - здесь: заставлять
dismiss - отвергать
pace - скорость, темп
assemble - собирать, монтировать
complex - сложный
intelligent - умный
load - загружать
software - программное обеспечение
alter - изменять
decade - десятилетие
silicon - кремний
rival - соперник, конкурент
surpass - превзойти, перегнать
carbon - углерод
creator - создатель, творец
finest - превосходный
lid - крышка
decline - упадок
complete - завершать
virtually - практически
remove - здесь: увольнять
deal (with) - иметь дело (с)
swift - скорый, быстрый
joint - совместный
loosely - свободно
breed - поколение; тип
entirely - полностью
provide (with) - обеспечивать
sufficient - достаточный
eventually - в конечном итоге
supervisor - контролер
fount - источник
fall a prey - пасть жертвой
acquired - приобретенный
mining - горное дело
attain - достить, добиться
broadcast - передавать по радио
formerly - некогда
scarce - скудный
plentiful - богатый, обильный
conclusion - зключение
scant - скудный
remain - оставаться
share (with) - делиться (с)
ailment - недомогание
surrogate - заменитель
benefit - выгода
advantage - преимущество
tutor - здесь: дом.учитель
improvement - усовершенствование
purpose - цель
curiosly - любопытно
menial - слуга, лакей
appreciation - оценка
inculcate - внедрять, внушать
experience - здесь: испытать
intelligence - здесь: возможности
increase - возрастать
emulate - состязаться, соревноваться
scale - масштаб
expand - расширять
frontiers - мн.ч.: границы
withstand - противостоять
environment - внешняя среда
inimical - враждебный
desert - пустыня
bloom - цвести
ocean bed - дно океана
mine - разрабатывать(руду)
vast - огромный
in earnest - верьезный, в серьез
search (for) - поиск
beyond - вне, за пределами
Comprehension Check.
Ex. Answer the following questions:
1. How will it be possible for machines to become more intelligent than humans?
2. How will Britain's need for manufactured products be satisfied?
3. What is ment by an "expert system"?
4. What are the Japanese aiming to make?
5. What are the goals of American projects?
6. What will robots be able to do in future?
7. How are men's minds usually employed?
8. What prerogative will the fifth-generation computer share with the man?
Topics to discuss.
1. Fields of using sophisticated computers in future.
2. Can computers threat humans somehow?