University

Students from other countries that I met at university often took a long time to get used to the system. The university terms lasted only six months and you were free to do what you liked in the vacations. Attendance at lectures was optional, and the only compulsory assignment was to write an essay once a week and submit it to your tutor. The idea was that you were not supposed to be there to obtain an academic qualification, but to extend your knowledge of this or that subject in your own way. It was all there in the libraries and laboratories and lecture halls if you looked for it. A poor American student who had attended all the tutor's lectures once reproduced them almost word for word in his essay, and the tutor said: 'I know what I think. What do you think?' The life of an undergraduate was relaxing and enjoyable, but you had to work things out for yourself.

Note: In British universities, there is normally only one Professor for a given subject; other university teachers are called lecturers. They are also tutors when they give individual students classes in small numbers.

Vocabulary:

to get used (to) - привыкнуть (к);

term - семестр;

to last - продолжаться, длиться;

attendance - посещаемость;

optional - факультативный; необязательный;

compulsory - обязательный;

assignment - задание;

to submit (to) - предоставлять (куда, кому);

tutor - куратор;

to obtain - получать;

to extend - расширять;

to attend - посещать;

to reproduce - воспроизвести;

word for word - дословно;

undergraduate - студент последнего курса

to relax - отдыхать, расслабляться;

to work out - решать; разрабатывать.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

1. Is this system similar to that of university inRuaaia? If not, what are the differences?

2. Why do you think people go to university? Do you think they go for the right reasons?

3. What did the American student's tutor expect him to do? How do you suppose this differed from the system he was used to ?

Word Study to text B

Ex.: Find in the text equivalents to the following phrases.

носить фуражки с эмблемой школы; написать золотыми буквами; много возможностей; совсем другой; в одном отношении; доска почета; выиграть стипендию; в результате; оставлять после уроков; давать дополнительные домашние задания; относиться к нам как к взрослым; в раннем возрасте; формы наказания; обязательные игры; учить наизусть; для поступления в университет.

Ex.2: Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Жизнь там была совсем другой.

2. Если мы не носили фуражки, нас оставляли в школе, давали дополнительную работу или какое-нибудь другое наказание.

3. Мы ходили в школу 6 дней в неделю.

4. По четвергам у нас были обязательные игры - регби и крикет.

5. Нам приходилось учить много стихов наизусть.

6. В результате, я мог считать почти так же быстро, как и карманный калькулятор - я научился этому в начальной школе.

7. Директор и учителя относились к нам как к взрослым.

8. Мы должны были приходить во время.

9. У нас было много возможностей принимать участие в тех видах спорта, которые мы предпочитали.

10. Единственное, чего от нас ожидали в ответ - это выиграть стипендию для университета, чтобы школа могла золотыми буквами внести наши имена на доску почета.

Ex.3: Translate the following phrases into English.

много времени требуется, чтобы привыкнуть к системе; раз в неделю; посещать

лекции; воспроизвести лекцию дословно; необязательная посещаемость; приятный;

семестр длится 6 месяцев; факультативный курс; написать эссе; почти; лекционный зал.

Ex.4: Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Студенты из других стран долго привыкали к этой системе.

2. Семестр длился 6 месяцев, а во время каникул ты мог делать все, что угодно.

3. Посещение лекций было необязательным.

4. Единственным обязательным заданием было написать эссе раз в неделю и предоставить его куратору.

5. Главной задачей было не получение академической квалификации, а расширение знаний.

6. Один студент посещал все лекции профессора и почти дословно воспроизвел их в своем эссе, но не сумел сделать свои собственные выводы (to make one's own conclusions).

Text I-C

English examination system

Students in Great Britain can take public examinations known as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and Advanced ('A') level. Those who want to go to university usually take from 5—7 subjects for GCSE at 16, and three subjects at 'A' level when they are 18. In order to enter a university or polytechnic in Britain, you are expected to have two or three 'A' levels with good marks. The only subject that is compulsory for university entrance is English at GCSE, but Mathematics is often required.

Look at the chart below, which shows the ten most popular subjects with boys and girls in Britain at GCSE and 'A' level. Then answer the questions that follow.

GCSE		'A' level
Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
English	English	Mathematics	English
Mathematics	Mathematics	Physics	Biology
Physics	Biology	Chemistry	History
Geography	English Literature	Economics	Mathematics
English Literature	French	General Studies	General Studies
Chemistry	Geography	Geography	French
Biology	Art and Design	English	Chemistry
History	History	Biology	Economics
French	Chemistry	History	Art
Art and Design	Physics	Art	Geography

Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

1. Which of these subjects would you call, 'science subjects' and which would you call 'arts subjects'?

2. Do you notice any preferences among boys and girls for one or the other?

3. What other subjects would you expect to find in the school curriculum (e.g. other modern languages, ancient languages, religious or civic studies, other arts subjects)?

4. Which three subjects would you take at 'A' level if you wanted to be the following? А) doctor; B) an economist; C) an interpreter; D) a journalist; E) an engineer; F) "an actor; G) a priest; H) a naturalist/ a painter /'a businessman? (Note that they would not necessarily be among the most popular subjects listed here).

5. Which subjects did you or do you enjoy most at school? Why? Is it because you were or are good at them, or for other reasons?

Word Study

Ex.!: Complete the sentences, using the correct word or phrase from those you have seen above. To help you, the first letter of each word is given.

1. He wants to be a doctor so he is doing three sciences at GCSE, b_____, с_____, and p_____.

2. When he has got his d_____ at university, he wants to do a postgraduate с_____ in Germany.

3. I'll give you back your e_____ papers when I've made a note of the m_____s you obtained. It was a difficult t_____, so you did quite well.

4. The little children at the k_____ were playing games in the p_

5. He went to a school where the children wore blue and yellow u_____, and the boys had gold b_____s on their с_____.

6. If you don't pay a_____ to what I'm saying, I'll put you in d_____ and you'll have to do some e_____ work.

7. Where were you in first p_____ this morning? I've marked you as a_____ in the r_____.

8. I enjoyed his 1_____ at the Shakespeare Conference in Stratford.

9. He's one of the best 1_____s at the university. I expect he'll become the p_____one day.

10. He wanted his son to study at university but he couldn't afford to pay the f_____s so he was delighted when the boy won a s_____, which covered the cost.

11. Terminology is different at university from what we said at school. At school we said 'holidays', but here they say 'v_____s'; the t_____ here is like the form teacher at school; there they told us to write compositions, here they ask us to write e_____s; and there they talked about homework, but here it's an a_____.

Ex.2: Using a dictionary, decide which of the words in the box can go in which sections of the chart. You can put one word in more than one column.

kindergarten high school college classroom playgroup nursery school comprehensive public school sixth form polytechnic pupil reception class evening classes university master deputy-head preparatory school tutor teacher lecturer professor head teacher headmaster headmistress student post-graduate lecture theatre technical college graduate doctorate playground

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PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION (0 - 5)

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PRIMARY EDUCATION (5 - 11)

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SECONDARY EDUCATION (11 - 16+)

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FURTHER EDUCAON

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HIGHER EDUCATION

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ADULT EDUCATION

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Ex.3: Discuss, which of these words and phrases have similar meaning, or are used in similar situations. Find one word in each list, which seems to be the odd one out and which is not connected with education or training.

Model: award, grant, loan, prize, reward, scholarship, trophy.

(AWARD - GRANT - SCHOLARSHIP; GRANT - LOAN; TROPHY - PRIZE - AWARD; a word "reward" isn't connected with education).

1. certificate, degree, diploma, doctorate, license, recommendation, reference;

2. article, assignment, composition, dissertation, essay, paper, report, thesis;

3. law school, medical school, private school, public school, state school, Sunday school.

Text I-D.

School in the USA.

In the United States, the word "school" describes any place where people learn.

I You can call a college a "school". You can even call a university a "school". You can use the word "school" for any English language institute, graduate program, or secondary ("high") school.

College or university follows after high school, or secondary school. A college in the U.S.A. is not a high school or secon­dary school. College and university programs begin in the thirteenth year of school, when a student is 17 or 18 years old or older. A two-year "junior" college offers an Associate Degree. A four-year college or university offers a Bachelor's Degree. Programs that offer these degrees are called "undergraduate" schools"

A "university" is a group of schools for studies after secondary school. At least one of these schools is a college where students receive a Bachelor's Degree. The other schools in a university are "graduate" (also known as "postgraduate") schools where students receive advanced degrees. Therefore, a univer­sity offers both the Bachelor's Degree and graduate degrees such as the Master's (M. A.) and Ph.D.(doctorate) A university usually offers graduate programs both in professional fields such as engineering and in academic subjects such as English literature.

You can earn a Bachelor's Degree at either a college or a university. However, students in the USA prefer to use the word "college" rather than the word "university" when they talk about the four-year undergraduate program and the Bachelor's Degree. They say “going to college" and "a college degree" when they talk about undergraduate programs at either a college or a university.

Most "colleges" are separate schools. They are not located in a university. Some colleges are part of a university and are located on the university campus. (The "campus" is the school buildings and surround­ing area.) A few colleges offer graduate programs in selected subjects. Usually, however, it is universities that offer graduate programs. So, Americans use the word “university" and not "college" when they talk about graduate study.

Vocabulary:

to describe - описывать;

high school - старшие классы школы

to follow - следовать (за);

junior - младший;

degree - научная степень;

undergraduate - студент последнего курса;

secondary - средний (о школе, образовании);

to receive - получать;

post-graduate course - аспирантура;

advanced - продвинутый, повышенного типа;

therefore - следовательно;

to earn - зарабатывать;

either... or... - либо... либо..;

to prefer - предпочитать;

separate - отдельный, раздельный;

to be located - размещаться, находиться;

surrounding – окружающий

to select - отбирать, выбирать.

Comprehension check: answer the following questions.

1. What does the word "school" mean in the USA?

2. What follows after secondary (high) school?

3. At what age do American students enter colleges/universities?

4. What degree does a two-year "junior" college offer?

5. What degrees do four-year colleges provide?

6. What is a University?

Word Study

Ex.1: Translate the following phrases into English.

следовательно; средняя школа; старшие классы школы; степень бакалавра;

аспирантура; учебные предметы; профессиональная сфера; получить ученую

степень; студент последнего курса; предлагать; окружающая территория.

TEXT II-A