- •Предисловие
- •4 Тематических текста первого уровня сложности (ia, ib, ic, id) со следующими за ними лексическими упражнениями непосредственно по текстам
- •4 Тематических текста второй степени сложности(iia, iib, iic, iid) со следующими за ними лексическими упражнениями непосредственно по текстам
- •Unit One
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text I-a
- •Part one Primary school
- •Public School
- •University
- •System of higher education in the usa
- •Topics to discuss.
- •American Terminology is sometimes confusing
- •Placement – определение места
- •Many experiments are carried out by us in our laboratory.
- •Ex23: Translate into English using the Passive Voice
- •The articles Ex24: Insert articles where necessary
- •Vocabulary
- •Text 5 "Альма-матер" наших дней.
- •Reviewing Exercises
- •Keys to the above Ex-s:
- •Supplementary material
- •By Anne c.Lewis
- •Vocabulary
- •Benjamin Franklin
- •Сочетания с глаголами широкой семантики: take, get, make – do…
- •The school curriculum and academic programs
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to the text
- •Managing your study time
- •Vocational Education
- •Text 1-d Text 1-d Easy living at Japan's colleges
- •Text iib
- •By Nicholas Morgan
- •Vocabulary
- •Now a High School Senoir
- •Ex 2 Replace the infinitive in brackets by the correct tense form – the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite (Active)
- •Ex 3 Make up sentences following the model
- •Ex 4 Draw conclusions.
- •Ex 5 Make up the dialogues following the model using the words given below,
- •Ex 6 Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the usage of the Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous.
- •Ex 8 Translate into English using the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •Ex 9 Open the brackets putting the verbs in the Past Indefinite and Past Perfect.
- •Ex 10 Open the brackets using the proper tense forms.
- •Ex 11 Open the brackets putting the infinitive in the Future Perfect.
- •Ex 12 Put the verbs in brackets in the proper tense form (Active)
- •Ex 14 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech following the examples. Notice the changes in the pronouns.
- •Vocabulary
- •Зачеты и учебные нагрузки
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Quotations and jokes.
- •Lord Samuel
- •Flannery o'Connor
- •Модальные глаголы, сослагательное наклонение, условные предложения, многозначность глаголов should, would, could, might, need….
- •Introductory text Some Important things from the Educational Environment
- •Part 1 Uniting two campuses
- •Part 3 Room to grow
- •Text I-c
- •Part 4 New campus to train for future
- •Text I-d
- •Part 6 Lab expands health program
- •Renovating for expansion
- •Shortening Year does no Harm
- •Free and Open competition
- •Avoiding a Brain Drain
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Ex.13 Translate the sentences into English using the verb need as in the examples ( Need)
- •The Comparison of Adjective and Adverbs
- •Foundation Considers Options
- •Bewildering Array of Institutes
- •Efforts to Aid Russia's Scholars Are More Than a Humanitarian Gesture
- •'Someone Specific'
- •Favorable Exchange Rate
- •'Flood of Applications
- •Vocabulary
- •Sports clubs
- •Fencing club
- •The Rugby Club
- •Regular practices
- •Quotations and jokes.
- •What is engineering
- •Word Study to the Text
- •Science and Engineering
- •Word Study to the Text
- •Artificial stupidity
- •Gameboys and girls stay in to play Buy a computer, one mother explains, and life can never be the same again
- •Engineering Ethics
- •The Gerund
- •Speech practice
- •Ex.Interpret the following passages using the given words
- •В сетях компьютера
- •Часть 1. "Персоналки'
- •Часть 2. Компьютер-шпион (spy)
- •Буду вечно молодым?
- •Supplementary Texts Public Image of Engineering
- •Coming soon – robot slave for everyone
- •Engineering Education
- •Electronics
- •Realms of Engineering
- •Ex. Answer the following questions
- •Engineering Work
- •Глобализация образования. Коммуникация Интернет как образовательная система: преимущества и недостатки; возможности
- •Languages
- •The library of the future
- •A lesson learned
- •Distance education: a means to an end, no more, no less.
- •В сетях компьютера
- •Мировая паутина
- •Рукописи не горят, а дискеты устаревают
- •В мире изобретений.
- •Самое значительное достижение
- •Compaq computer
- •People Like Electronic Announcers
- •Do men and women speak the same languages?
- •Quatations and jokes
- •Unit VI Карьера и выдающиеся личности современности Биографии выдающихся людей из разных областей знаний, автобиография. Авторское резюме
- •Introductory text Our Century and the next One
- •Young engineers.
- •Oceans of research.
- •The assembly line
- •Still Sprinting
- •Not so snow white after all.
- •William Randolph Hearst
- •They write in the newspapers he was invited to
- •Travel writer
- •Publisher
- •Ines de la Fresange Model
- •Actress
- •Record Producer
- •Improve your interpreting skills
- •It ceases to be the goal. The game is what counts.
- •Скромность украшает.
- •У Нewlett-Рackard - новый президент. Карлтон фьорина сменяет платта.
- •Дело о пеликанах.
- •Кэрол Хиггинс Кларк
- •Профессор Умберто Эко.
- •Billion dollar brain.
- •Pablo Picasso's Fortune
- •The private side.
- •Taking a flier on tne web.
- •Экология человека в естественной и кибер-интеллектуальной среде
- •Introductory text
- •Artificial stupidity
- •We Are in the Middle of a Cyberwar
- •Portable databases help doctors practice more efficient.
- •A case for smokeless zones
- •In Britain’s offices).
- •Nicotine traps
- •Pipe dream
- •Speak English outside of class
- •Use a dictionary when he writs
- •Attending a conference
- •Первый раз дедушка пожаловался на ревматизм в 1812 г.
- •Воздействие (influence) компьютера на человека.
- •Флирт в сети.
- •A workaholic economy.
- •Baltic sea problems.
- •The right time and place
- •Dealing with stress
- •Pollution
- •Quatations and jokes
- •Права человека Права личности и права учащегося.
- •Introductory text age of majority (or gaining rights)
- •Intellectual property.
- •Legal Status of Engineering Societies
- •Bridging the digital divide.
- •1.Government records
- •2. Personal files
- •Book banning must be stopped
- •Five Key Questions about Modern Medical Science
- •Tenancy agreement No._______
- •Improve your interpreting skills
- •Gender in Education
- •Часть 1.
- •Часть 2.
- •Часть 3.
- •Text 4. Хакеры и «крэкеры». Agree or disagree with the author.
- •Invasion of the Sight to Privacy
- •United States Legal System
- •The whole world is watching.
- •By Jennifer Tanaka
- •Secretaries: the wasted asset.
- •Quatations and jokes
- •Список основных сокращений, используемых в деловой корреспонденции:
- •1. Post-school or tertiary education usa
- •Great britain
- •1. University people
- •1. University degrees
- •1. Grading system
- •Grades: a, d, c, d, f Quality points: 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0,0.0
- •1. Some additional university terms
- •Неправильные глаголы
- •Unit I. Системы образования
- •Direct & Indirect Speech. Сочетания с глаголами широкой семантики:
- •Навыки перевода (Rus – Eng)
- •1. Университет...................................................................................
- •1. Grades.. As Others See Us.........................................................................................
- •Unit II. Содержание образования в разных странах
- •You Get What You Pay For* Навыки перевода (Rus – Eng)
- •Unit VII. Экология человека в естественной и кибер-интеллектуальной средe
United States Legal System
In the United States legal system there are fundamentally three sources of law, the Constitution, legislation, and the courts. The US Constitution defines the basic powers of the three branches of government, and establishes the rights and responsibilities of the people. The legislature (the US Congress or state legislature) enacts laws by the representatives of the people. The courts provide legal rulings that define and interpret the law, and court cases provide important "precedent" for later cases. This is the basis of the common law system that had its origin in the British legal system.
Nearly 50 years ago the most important legal issue in American education was the question of integrated schools. The landmark Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court case determined that a "separate but equal" system of US education violated the equal protection clause of the US Constitution. For many years after the decision in Brown, the states struggled with the question of integration, how to break down the barriers to equal education for all races. A controversial method was forced "bussing" of students, and for many years this was the most divisive issue in US education. Many of these issues have been resolved, although the school systems in many urban with minority populations still suffer from neglect and lack of adequate support. In the 1990's there has been increasing dissatisfaction with a public school system that is often viewed as big, inefficient, bureaucratic, and unresponsive the needs of the students.
In the US Education system today there are two important issues relating to educational reform, and both of them have unresolved legal questions. Both issues have arisen as a result of parents and neighborhood schools seeking to have a greater control over the education of their children. The first issue is that of "vouchers", a system whereby a family is given a credit of a certain amount of money to apply to the education of their child. This credit can be used in a private or parochial (religious) school, or any other qualified institution. This is designed to give parents a greater freedom of choice, but it was challenged on the ground that it violates the US Constitution. The First Amendment provides that the government "shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" and this brief clause formed the basis of the separation of church and state in America for more than two hundred years.
Many people oppose the voucher system, including the teachers unions, who claim that it will drain limited resources away from public schools. And many feel that the voucher is merely a way to cover up state support for religious education. They argued that the voucher system violated the US Constitution. But in November 1998, the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case challenging the Wisconsin voucher law. The Wisconsin courts had found the law to be valid. The practical effect of this case was to allow other states to adopt similar laws, and the trend can be expected to continue. Other states are now likely to follow the Wisconsin model, but it is entirely up to the state legislature to approve a system of vouchers.
The second major issue in US educational reform today is the charter school system. These are public schools, but they are "chartered" under special contracts designed to give the local school, and the parents, a much greater degree of freedom in choosing the curriculum and teachers. There are more than 30 states in the US today with charter school laws, and each one is different. The strongest charter school laws give the greatest autonomy and
permit the greatest flexibility in the type of organization that can sponsor a charter school. In some states even "for profit" corporations can run a charter school. In many states charter schools are exempted from most state educational laws, including the requirement to hire union teachers. Needless to say, the teacher's unions have often opposed charter schools.
It is interesting to note that both the voucher system and the charter school movement are working primarily to assist low-income students. As a practical matter in the US, this means minority students. The Wisconsin voucher program limits assistance to families with incomes no more than 175% of the "poverty" line. This means that the wealthier families (more than half of the public school population) are not eligible. Both the voucher system and the charter school system have had some degree of success because low-income parents want the best possible education for their children. And this may not always be found in the traditional system of large public schools. There seems to be an increasing trend towards charter schools in America, and each state has a different approach towards the level of autonomy provided.
Vocabulary
legal - юридический; issue - вопрос; to face - сталкиваться; source - источник; legislation - законодательство; court - суд; to define - определять, давать определение; branch - ветвь; to establish - устанавливать; responsibility - обязанность; legislature - законодательная власть; to enact - принимать (закон); to provide - обеспечивать, предоставлять; ruling - управление; to interpret - толковать; case - случай, дело; basis - основа; common - общий, общепринятый; origin - происхождение; integrated - объединенный, совместный; landmark - поворотный пункт, веза; vs. = versus - против; board - совет; supreme - верховынй; to determine - определять; separate - раздельный; equal - равный; to violate - нарушать; protection - защита; clause - статья, пункт; to struggle - бороться; to break down - разрушить; controversial - противоречивый; to force - застявлять, принуждать; divisive - разделяющий (людей); to resolve - решать; urban - городской; to suffer (from) - страдать (от); neglect - пренебрежение; lack (of) - отсутствие, нехватка; support - поддержка; to increase - увеличивать; to view - рассматривать; inefficient - неэффективный; responsive - ответный (о взгляде и.д.); to relate (to) - относиться (к); to seek - искать; whereby - при помощи, посредством; как, чем; certain - некий, определенный; amount - сумма, количество; to apply - применять, использовать; parochial - приходской; institution - учреждение; designed - здесь: предназначенный; to challenge - здесь: оспаривать; amendment - поправка; to provide - обеспечивать, предоставлять; to respect - уважать; brief - краткий, сжатый; to oppose - противостоять; to claim - утверждать; to drain - истощать (средства); public school - государственная школа; way - способ; merely - просто; to cover up - спрятать, прикрыть; to argue - оспаривать; to refuse - отказываться; valid - действительный, имеющий силу; to allow - позволять, разрешать; to adopt - принимать (закон); similar - подобный, схожий; trend - тенденция; entirely - полностью, целиком; charter - устав; привилегия; даровать (хартию, грамоту..); to permit - позволять, разрешать; flexibility - гибкость; to sponsor - спонсировать, финансировать; for-profit - коммерческий; to exempt (from) - освобождать (от); requirement - требование; to hire - принимать на работу; movement - движение; low-income - низкий доход; matter - вопрос; to limit - ограничивать; wealthy - состоятельный; eligible - подходящий; желательный; degree - степень; approach - подход; towards - к, по отношению к; access (to) - доступ (к); to rank - распределять, классифицировать. Ex. Answer the following questions. 1. What are the sources of law in the U.S. legal system? 2. What are the functions of each of them? 3. What was the most important legal issue in American education 50 years ago? 4. What is the attitude of public toward the public school system in 1990-s? 5. What does the "voucher program" mean"? Give its historic background. 6. Do all people in America support this system? 7. What is the second major issue in U.S. educational reform? 8. What does a charter school mean? 9. Why do the teacher's unions oppose charter schools? 10. Who are supported by the voucher system and the charter school movement
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