- •Preface to the 3rd edition
- •General Pharmacology
- •Systems Pharmacology
- •Therapy of Selected Diseases
- •Subject Index
- •Abbreviations
- •General Pharmacology
- •History of Pharmacology
- •Drug and Active Principle
- •The Aims of Isolating Active Principles
- •European Plants as Sources of Effective Medicines
- •Drug Development
- •Congeneric Drugs and Name Diversity
- •Oral Dosage Forms
- •Drug Administration by Inhalation
- •Dermatological Agents
- •From Application to Distribution in the Body
- •Potential Targets of Drug Action
- •External Barriers of the Body
- •Blood–Tissue Barriers
- •Membrane Permeation
- •Binding to Plasma Proteins
- •The Liver as an Excretory Organ
- •Biotransformation of Drugs
- •Drug Metabolism by Cytochrome P450
- •The Kidney as an Excretory Organ
- •Presystemic Elimination
- •Drug Concentration in the Body as a Function of Time—First Order (Exponential) Rate Processes
- •Time Course of Drug Concentration in Plasma
- •Time Course of Drug Plasma Levels during Repeated Dosing (A)
- •Time Course of Drug Plasma Levels during Irregular Intake (B)
- •Accumulation: Dose, Dose Interval, and Plasma Level Fluctuation (A)
- •Dose–Response Relationship
- •Concentration–Effect Curves (B)
- •Concentration–Binding Curves
- •Types of Binding Forces
- •Agonists—Antagonists
- •Other Forms of Antagonism
- •Enantioselectivity of Drug Action
- •Receptor Types
- •Undesirable Drug Effects, Side Effects
- •Drug Allergy
- •Cutaneous Reactions
- •Drug Toxicity in Pregnancy and Lactation
- •Pharmacogenetics
- •Placebo (A)
- •Systems Pharmacology
- •Sympathetic Nervous System
- •Structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System
- •Adrenergic Synapse
- •Adrenoceptor Subtypes and Catecholamine Actions
- •Smooth Muscle Effects
- •Cardiostimulation
- •Metabolic Effects
- •Structure–Activity Relationships of Sympathomimetics
- •Indirect Sympathomimetics
- •Types of
- •Antiadrenergics
- •Parasympathetic Nervous System
- •Cholinergic Synapse
- •Parasympathomimetics
- •Parasympatholytics
- •Actions of Nicotine
- •Localization of Nicotinic ACh Receptors
- •Effects of Nicotine on Body Function
- •Aids for Smoking Cessation
- •Consequences of Tobacco Smoking
- •Dopamine
- •Histamine Effects and Their Pharmacological Properties
- •Serotonin
- •Vasodilators—Overview
- •Organic Nitrates
- •Calcium Antagonists
- •ACE Inhibitors
- •Drugs Used to Influence Smooth Muscle Organs
- •Cardiac Drugs
- •Cardiac Glycosides
- •Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- •Iron Compounds
- •Prophylaxis and Therapy of Thromboses
- •Possibilities for Interference (B)
- •Heparin (A)
- •Hirudin and Derivatives (B)
- •Fibrinolytics
- •Intra-arterial Thrombus Formation (A)
- •Formation, Activation, and Aggregation of Platelets (B)
- •Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation (A)
- •Presystemic Effect of ASA
- •Plasma Volume Expanders
- •Lipid-lowering Agents
- •Diuretics—An Overview
- •NaCl Reabsorption in the Kidney (A)
- •Aquaporins (AQP)
- •Osmotic Diuretics (B)
- •Diuretics of the Sulfonamide Type
- •Potassium-sparing Diuretics (A)
- •Vasopressin and Derivatives (B)
- •Drugs for Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
- •Laxatives
- •Antidiarrheal Agents
- •Drugs Affecting Motor Function
- •Muscle Relaxants
- •Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants
- •Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants
- •Antiparkinsonian Drugs
- •Antiepileptics
- •Pain Mechanisms and Pathways
- •Eicosanoids
- •Antipyretic Analgesics
- •Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
- •Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibitors
- •Local Anesthetics
- •Opioid Analgesics—Morphine Type
- •General Anesthesia and General Anesthetic Drugs
- •Inhalational Anesthetics
- •Injectable Anesthetics
- •Sedatives, Hypnotics
- •Benzodiazepines
- •Pharmacokinetics of Benzodiazepines
- •Therapy of Depressive Illness
- •Mania
- •Therapy of Schizophrenia
- •Psychotomimetics (Psychedelics, Hallucinogens)
- •Hypothalamic and Hypophyseal Hormones
- •Thyroid Hormone Therapy
- •Glucocorticoid Therapy
- •Follicular Growth and Ovulation, Estrogen and Progestin Production
- •Oral Contraceptives
- •Antiestrogen and Antiprogestin Active Principles
- •Aromatase Inhibitors
- •Insulin Formulations
- •Treatment of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- •Treatment of Maturity-Onset (Type II) Diabetes Mellitus
- •Oral Antidiabetics
- •Drugs for Maintaining Calcium Homeostasis
- •Drugs for Treating Bacterial Infections
- •Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
- •Inhibitors of Tetrahydrofolate Synthesis
- •Inhibitors of DNA Function
- •Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
- •Drugs for Treating Mycobacterial Infections
- •Drugs Used in the Treatment of Fungal Infections
- •Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
- •Drugs for the Treatment of AIDS
- •Drugs for Treating Endoparasitic and Ectoparasitic Infestations
- •Antimalarials
- •Other Tropical Diseases
- •Chemotherapy of Malignant Tumors
- •Targeting of Antineoplastic Drug Action (A)
- •Mechanisms of Resistance to Cytostatics (B)
- •Inhibition of Immune Responses
- •Antidotes and Treatment of Poisonings
- •Therapy of Selected Diseases
- •Hypertension
- •Angina Pectoris
- •Antianginal Drugs
- •Acute Coronary Syndrome— Myocardial Infarction
- •Congestive Heart Failure
- •Hypotension
- •Gout
- •Obesity—Sequelae and Therapeutic Approaches
- •Osteoporosis
- •Rheumatoid Arthritis
- •Migraine
- •Common Cold
- •Bronchial Asthma
- •Emesis
- •Alcohol Abuse
- •Local Treatment of Glaucoma
- •Further Reading
- •Further Reading
- •Picture Credits
- •Drug Indexes
Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Color Atlas of
Pharmacology
3rd edition, revised and expanded
Heinz Lüllmann, M.D. |
Lutz Hein, M.D. |
Former Professor and Chairman |
Professor |
Department of Pharmacology |
Department of Pharmacology |
University of Kiel |
University of Freiburg |
Germany |
Germany |
Klaus Mohr, M.D. |
Detlef Bieger, M.D. |
Professor |
Professor Emeritus |
Department of Pharmacology |
Division of Medical Sciences |
and Toxicology |
Faculty of Medicine |
University of Bonn |
Memorial University of |
Germany |
Newfoundland |
|
St. John’s, Newfoundland |
|
Canada |
With 170 color plates by Jürgen Wirth
Thieme
Stuttgart · New York
Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
IV
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Taschenatlas der Pharmakologie. Englisch. Color atlas of pharmacology/Heinz Luellmann ...
[et al.]; 172 color plates by Juergen Wirth.— 3rd ed., rev. and expanded
p. ; cm.
Rev. and expanded translation of: Taschenatlas der Pharmakologie. 5th ed. c2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-13-781703-X (GTV: alk. paper)— ISBN 1-58890-332-X (alk. paper)
1. Pharmacology—Atlases. 2. Pharmacology— Handbooks, manuals, etc. [DNLM: 1. Pharma- cology—Atlases. 2. Pharmacology—Handbooks. 3. Drug Therapy—Atlases. 4. Drug Therapy— Handbooks. 5. Pharmaceutical Preparations— Atlases. 6. Pharmaceutical Preparations—Hand- books. QV 17 T197c 2005a] I. Lüllmann, Heinz. II. Title.
RM301.12.T3813 2005 615’.1—dc22
2005012554
Translator: Detlef Bieger, M.D.
Illustrator: Jürgen Wirth, Professor of Visual
Communication, University of Applied Sciences,
Darmstadt, Germany
© 2005 Georg Thieme Verlag, Rüdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany http://www.thieme.de
Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 USA http://www.thieme.com
Cover design: Cyclus, Stuttgart Typesetting by primustype Hurler GmbH, Notzingen
Printed in Germany by Appl, Wemding
ISBN 3-13-781703-X (GTV)
ISBN 1-58890-332-X (TNY)
Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book.
Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed.
Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.
This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.
Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
V
Preface to the 3rd edition
In many countries, medicine is at present facing urgent political and economic calls for reform. These socioeconomic pressures notwithstanding, pharmacotherapy has always been an integral part of the health care system and will remain so in the future. Well-founded knowledge of the preventive and therapeutic value of drugs is a sine qua non for the successful treatment of patients entrusting themselves to a physician or pharmacist.
Because of the plethora of proprietary medicines and the continuous influx of new pharmaceuticals, the drug market is dif cult to survey and hard to understand. This is true not only for the student in search of a logical system for dealing with the wealth of available drugs, but also for the practicing clinician in immediate need of independent information.
Clearly, a pocket atlas can provide only a basic framework. Comprehensive knowledge has to be gained from major textbooks. As is evident from the drug lists included in the Appendix, some 600 drugs are covered in the present Atlas. This number should be suf cient for everyday medical practice and could be interpreted as a Model List. The advances in pharmacotherapy made in recent years have required us to incorporate new plates and text passages, and to expunge obsolete approaches. Several plates needed to be brought in line with new knowledge.
As the new edition was nearing completion, severalhigh-profiledrugsexperiencedwith- drawal from the market, substantive change in labeling, or class action litigation against their manufacturers. Amid growing concern over effectiveness of drug safety regulations, “pharmacovigilance” has become a new priority. It is hoped that this compendium may aid in promoting the critical awareness and rational attitude required to meet that demand.
We are grateful for comments and suggestions from colleagues, and from students, both doctoral and undergraduate. Thanks are due to Professor R. Lüllmann-Rauch for histological and cell-biological advice. We are indebted to Ms. M. Mauch and Ms. K. Jürgens, Thieme Verlag, for their care and assistance and to Ms. Gabriele Kuhn for harmonious editorial guidance.
Heinz Lüllmann, Kiel
Klaus Mohr, Bonn
Lutz Hein, Freiburg
Detlef Bieger, St. John’s, Canada
Jürgen Wirth, Darmstadt
Disclosure: The authors of the Color Atlas of Pharmacology have no financial interests or other relationships that would influence the content of this book.
Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
VI Contents
Contents
General Pharmacology |
1 |
History of Pharmacology. . . . . . . . |
2 |
Drug Metabolism by Cytochrome |
|
The Idea |
2 |
P450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
|
The Kidney as an Excretory Organ |
|||
The Impetus |
2 |
||
Presystemic Elimination |
|||
Early Beginnings |
3 |
||
|
|||
Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
Pharmacokinetics |
|
Consolidation—General Recognition . |
3 |
||
|
|||
Status Quo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
Drug Concentration in the Body as |
|
|
|
a Function of Time—First Order |
|
Drug Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
(Exponential) Rate Processes . . . . . . |
|
Drug and Active Principle |
4 |
Time Course of Drug Concentration |
|
in Plasma |
|||
The Aims of Isolating Active |
|
||
|
Time Course of Drug Plasma Levels |
||
Principles |
4 |
||
during Repeated Dosing (A) |
|||
European Plants as Sources of |
|
||
|
Time Course of Drug Plasma Levels |
||
Effective Medicines |
6 |
||
during Irregular Intake (B) |
|||
|
|
||
Drug Development |
8 |
Accumulation: Dose, Dose Interval, |
|
and Plasma Level Fluctuation (A) |
|||
|
|
||
Congeneric Drugs and Name |
|
Change in Elimination Characteristics |
|
Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
during Drug Therapy (B). . . . . . . . . |
|
Drug Administration . . . . . . . . . . |
12 |
Quantification of Drug Action . . . . . |
|
Oral Dosage Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . |
12 |
Dose–Response Relationship . . . . . . |
|
Drug Administration by Inhalation . . . |
14 |
Concentration–Effect Relationship (A) . |
|
Dermatological Agents . . . . . . . . . |
16 |
Concentration–Effect Curves (B) . . . . |
|
Skin Protection (A). . . . . . . . . . . . |
16 |
|
|
Dermatological Agents as Vehicles (B). |
16 |
Drug–Receptor Interaction. . . . . . . |
|
From Application to Distribution in |
|
Concentration–Binding Curves |
|
the Body |
18 |
||
Types of Binding Forces |
|||
|
|
||
Cellular Sites of Action |
20 |
Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . |
|
Noncovalent Bonding |
|||
|
|
||
Potential Targets of Drug Action . . . . |
20 |
Agonists—Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . |
|
|
|
Models of the Molecular Mechanism |
|
Distribution in the Body . . . . . . . . |
22 |
of Agonist/Antagonist Action (A) . . . . |
|
External Barriers of the Body |
22 |
Other Forms of Antagonism. . . . . . . |
|
Enantioselectivity of Drug Action |
|||
Blood–Tissue Barriers |
24 |
||
Receptor Types |
|||
Membrane Permeation |
26 |
||
Mode of Operation of G-Protein- |
|||
Possible Modes of Drug Distribution |
28 |
||
coupled Receptors |
|||
Binding to Plasma Proteins |
30 |
||
Time Course of Plasma Concentration |
|||
|
|
||
Drug Elimination |
32 |
and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
|
|
|||
The Liver as an Excretory Organ . . . . |
32 |
Adverse Drug Effects . . . . . . . . . . |
|
Biotransformation of Drugs . . . . . . . |
34 |
Undesirable Drug Effects, Side |
|
|
|
Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
40
42
44
44
46
48
48
50
50
52
52
54
54
56
56
58
58
58
60
60
60
62
64
66
68
70
70
Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
|
|
Contents |
VII |
|
Causes of Adverse Effects . . . . . . . . |
70 |
Genetic Variation of Drug Effects . . . |
78 |
|
Drug Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
72 |
Pharmacogenetics |
78 |
|
Cutaneous Reactions |
74 |
|||
|
|
|||
Drug Toxicity in Pregnancy and |
|
Drug-independent Effects |
80 |
|
Lactation |
76 |
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
Placebo (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
80 |
Systems Pharmacology |
83 |
Drugs Acting on the Sympathetic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sympathetic Nervous System. . . . . .
Structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adrenergic Synapse . . . . . . . . . . .
Adrenoceptor Subtypes and Catecholamine Actions . . . . . . . . .
Smooth Muscle Effects . . . . . . . . .
Cardiostimulation . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metabolic Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure–Activity Relationships
of Sympathomimetics . . . . . . . . . .
Indirect Sympathomimetics. . . . . . .
α-Sympathomimetics,
α-Sympatholytics . . . . . . . . . . . .
β-Sympatholytics (β-Blockers) . . . . .
Types of β-Blockers . . . . . . . . . . .
Antiadrenergics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drugs Acting on the Parasympathetic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parasympathetic Nervous System . . .
Cholinergic Synapse . . . . . . . . . . .
Parasympathomimetics . . . . . . . . .
Parasympatholytics . . . . . . . . . . .
Nicotine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Actions of Nicotine . . . . . . . . . . .
Localization of Nicotinic ACh Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effects of Nicotine on Body Function . Aids for Smoking Cessation . . . . . . .
Consequences of Tobacco Smoking . .
|
Vasodilators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
122 |
|
84 |
Vasodilators—Overview |
122 |
|
|
|||
84 |
Organic Nitrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
124 |
|
|
Calcium Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . |
126 |
|
86 |
I. Dihydropyridine Derivatives . . . . . . |
126 |
|
86 |
II. Verapamil and Other Catamphiphilic |
|
|
|
Ca2+ Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
126 |
|
88 |
|
|
|
88 |
Inhibitors of the Renin–Angiotensin– |
|
|
88 |
Aldosterone System . . . . . . . . . . . |
128 |
|
88 |
ACE Inhibitors |
128 |
|
|
|||
90 |
Drugs Acting on Smooth Muscle . . . |
130 |
|
92 |
|||
|
|
||
|
Drugs Used to Influence Smooth |
|
|
94 |
Muscle Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
130 |
|
96 |
|
|
|
98 |
Cardiac Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
132 |
|
100 |
Cardiac Glycosides |
134 |
|
|
|||
|
Antiarrhythmic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . |
136 |
|
102 |
I. Drugs for Selective Control of |
|
|
Sinoatrial and AV Nodes |
136 |
||
|
|||
102 |
II. Nonspecific Drug Actions on |
|
|
104 |
Impulse Generation and Propagation |
136 |
|
106 |
Electrophysiological Actions of |
|
|
108 |
Antiarrhythmics of the Na+-Channel |
|
|
|
Blocking Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
138 |
|
112 |
|
|
|
112 |
Antianemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
140 |
|
|
|
||
|
Drugs for the Treatment of Anemias . . |
140 |
|
112 |
Erythropoiesis (A) . . . . . . . . . . . |
140 |
|
112 |
Vitamin B12 (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . |
140 |
|
112 |
Folic Acid (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
140 |
|
114 |
Iron Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
142 |
Biogenic Amines. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
116 |
Antithrombotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
144 |
Dopamine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
116 |
Prophylaxis and Therapy of Thromboses 144 |
|
Histamine Effects and Their |
|
Vitamin K Antagonists and Vitamin K . |
146 |
Pharmacological Properties . . . . . . . |
118 |
Possibilities for Interference (B). . . . . |
146 |
Serotonin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
120 |
Heparin (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
148 |
Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
VIII Contents
Hirudin and Derivatives (B) . . . . . . . 148
Fibrinolytics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Intra-arterial Thrombus
Formation (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Formation, Activation, and
Aggregation of Platelets (B). . . . . . . 152
Inhibitors of Platelet
Aggregation (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Presystemic Effect of ASA. . . . . . . . 154
Plasma Volume Expanders. . . . . . . 156
Drugs Used in Hyperlipoproteinemias 158
Lipid-lowering Agents . . . . . . . . . . 158
Diuretics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Diuretics—An Overview . . . . . . . . . 162
NaCl Reabsorption in the Kidney (A). . 164
Aquaporins (AQP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Osmotic Diuretics (B) . . . . . . . . . . 164
Diuretics of the Sulfonamide Type . . . 166
Potassium-sparing Diuretics and
Vasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Potassium-sparing Diuretics (A) . . . . 168
Vasopressin and Derivatives (B) . . . . 168
Drugs for the Treatment of Peptic
Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Drugs for Gastric and Duodenal
Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 I. Lowering of Acid Concentration . . 170 II. Protective Drugs . . . . . . . . . . 172 III. Eradication of Helicobacter
pylori (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Laxatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
1. Bulk Laxatives . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 2. Irritant Laxatives . . . . . . . . . . 176 2a. Small-Bowel Irritant Purgative . . 178 2b. Large-Bowel Irritant Purgatives . 178 3. Lubricant laxatives . . . . . . . . . 178
Antidiarrheals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Antidiarrheal Agents . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Drugs Acting on the Motor System . 182
Drugs Affecting Motor Function . . . . 182
Muscle Relaxants. . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants . . . 184
Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants . . . . . 186
Antiparkinsonian Drugs . . . . . . . . . 188
Antiepileptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Drugs for the Suppression of Pain . . 194
Pain Mechanisms and Pathways . . . . 194
Antipyretic Analgesics . . . . . . . . . 196
Eicosanoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Antipyretic Analgesics vs. NSAIDs. . . . 198 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory
Drugs (NSAIDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory
Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibitors . . . . 200
Local Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . |
202 |
Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
208 |
Opioid Analgesics—Morphine Type . . . 208
General Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . 214
General Anesthesia and General
Anesthetic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Inhalational Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . 216
Injectable Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . 218
Psychopharmacologicals . . . . . . . . 220
Sedatives, Hypnotics . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Benzodiazepines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Benzodiazepine Antagonist . . . . . . 222
Pharmacokinetics of Benzodiazepines . 224
Therapy of Depressive Illness . . . . . . 226
Mania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Therapy of Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . 232
Neuroleptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Psychotomimetics (Psychedelics,
Hallucinogens) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Hypothalamic and Hypophyseal
Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Thyroid Hormone Therapy. . . . . . . . 240
Hyperthyroidism and Antithyroid
Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Glucocorticoid Therapy . . . . . . . . . 244
I. Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . 244
Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2005 Thieme
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