Step 2: Spelling and Vocabulary

Exercise 1: Pronounce the words below. Match a word with a picture (not all the pictures have their names!)

Plate 5

The Rococo Art __ Rococo wall __ ornamental moulding __ table in Louis Seize style (Louis Seize table) __ neoclassical building __ Empire table __ Biedermeier sofa __ Art Nouveau easy chair __

The Types of Arch __ round arch __ segmental arch __ parabolic arch __ horseshoe arch __ lancet arch __ trefoil arch __ shouldered arch __

Plate 6

Historical Costumes

1. ___ gentleman [ca.1700]

2. ___ three-cornered hat

3. ___ dress sword

4. ___ lady [ca. 1700]

5. ___ lace-trimmed loose-hanging gown

6. ___ band of embroidery

7. ___ pigtail wig

8. ___ ribbon (bow)

9. ___ ladies in court dress [ca. 1780]

10. ___ train

11. ___ upswept Rococo coiffure

12. ___ hair decoration

Exercise 2: Developing spelling skills. Fill in the blanks with missing letters. Remember the spelling and the pronunciation.

Vesal - - s, Madam de Pom - - - our, B – n – am - n Fra - - lin, Wat - - - u, Fragon - - d, Cha – d - n, J - - n Jac - - es Rouss - - -, Mari - Ant - - net - e, Jo –a - n Seb - - - ian Bac -, T - - mas Je - - erson, Mai-on Carr - -, Jac - - es-L - - - s D – v - d, Jo - n Lo - - e, Volt - - re, B – r - n de Montesq - - - u, Coper - - - us, G - - - leo, De - - artes, Ha - dn, Mo - - rt, Be - - - oven, I - - - nuel K - - t.

Exercise 3: Derivatives. In the following pairs of nouns and adjectives add the missing one.

Political	- _____________	German	- _____________
______________	- artist	_______________	- nation
complex	- _____________	planted	- _____________
______________	- science	_______________	- splendour
direct	- _____________	vast	- _____________
______________	- admiration	_______________	- creation
beautiful	- _____________	universal	- _____________
______________	- movement	_______________	- courtesy
engraving	- _____________	rectangular	- _____________
______________	- vigor	_______________	- flame
passionate	- _____________	intellectual	- _____________
______________	- revolution	_______________	- difficulty
decorative	- _____________	significant	- _____________
______________	- expression	_______________	- gaiety

Exercise 4:

1. Talking and writing about nationalities.

The Romans Roman people	maintained their Empire for over 600 years.
The Americans American people	incorporated John Locke’s ideas of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness into the Declaration of Independence.
The Greeks Greek people	believed the human being to be the module, or basic unit of measure.

The Spanish Spanish people	saw themselves as defenders of the new Church.
The Dutch Dutch people	became merchants and shipbuilders to the world and amassed fortunes through hard work and thrift.

If the adjective ends in one of these sounds [∫], [t∫], [s], [z] there is no –s at the end.

Note: In some cases there is a word for the people that is different from the adjective.

Example

Denmark/Danish/The Danes (or Danish people)

2. Fill in the chart and mark the stress. Add some countries of your own. Write a sentence about the history and art of the people.

Country	Adjective	A sentence about the history and of the people
The United States of America	American	What the Americans had done – and done successfully – was to shift the responsibility for government to the shoulders of all the citizens.
Germany
Spain
Holland
Turkey
Sweden
Scotland
Italy
France

Exercise 5: Compound words

eighteenth-century artists

34-volume encyclopedia

leisure time

forecourt

• In which century did the artists live?

• How many volumes does the encyclopedia have?

• At what time do we watch TV?

• Where can we find this court?

Words can be combined to make new words.

They are written in different ways:

forecourt (one word),

leisure time (two words),

34-volume (hyphenated).

There are no special rules, and English people themselves often have to consult the dictionary for the correct spelling.

The stress is normally on the first word.

Find the compound words in the text “The Enlightenment”.

Exercise 6: Put one of the words or phrases from the box into each gap.

which that that

eventually which in general

and in some ways but

in truth and after

and above all even

• The Age of Enlightenment, _________ began around 1715, was characterized by debate and thought about the issues of equality, freedom, and individual rights.

• It was the age _________ inspired America’s Declaration of Independence.

• The Scientific Revolution _______ began in the 1500s brought new inventions to Europe.

• ______________ these fueled the Industrial Revolution in the 1700-s, __________ brought millions of people from the farms to the cities.

• ______________, the rich got much richer, the poor got much poorer, ____ a new middle class began to form.

• _______________, the Romantics were reacting in an emotional way to the overbearing logic of the Enlightenment; _____, _______, both rationalism _____ emotionalism usually co-exist in society.

• _______ America had inspired the French Revolution, France _____ England became the centers of Europe’s Romantic movement.

• _________, Romanticism was the overflow of emotions. _______ madmen became subjects of portraiture.