4. Read the following information without dictionaries and ask ten questions. How to Spot Someone Who’s not Telling the Truth (by Wilfredo Fernandez )

In a famous fairy story, Pinocchio’s nose grew longer when he was telling a lie. Surprisingly, most of us give off signals when we are not being truthful which are just as obvious.

Personnel managers in companies are learning to look for these give-away signs to pick out dishonest employees. They hope to take credit for weeding out a future Nick Leeson, the man blamed for ruining Barings Bank, before their firm suffers a similar fate. Here are seven tell-tale signs:

1. You touch your nose more often. The tissues in your nose become swollen with blood when you lie, causing it to itch. So you touch your nose frequently to stop it itching.

2. You avoid looking directly at people – or you look at them too much. Partly because telling lies takes concentration, you tend to look away when you are lying. Or you stare at the person for too long, checking to see that they believe you.

3. You lean forwards. Closeness is normally a sign of trust. You try to exaggerate how close you are by leaning forwards when you lie.

4. You pull your earlobe. No one seems to know why this happens, but most of us do it. Police forces in Europe are trained to watch for this behavior when interviewing criminals.

5. You tap your feet. This normally happens when you are sitting down, especially if your legs are crossed. As the lie is told, a foot starts tapping or waves in the air.

6. You give too much information. You tell stories that are too elaborate, structured, polished and complete. You try to make absolutely certain that someone will believe you by giving them fifteen different reasons. An honest person would have the confidence to give one reason.

7. You stumble in your speech. You start to make mistakes in what you are saying, and use “um” and “er” a lot more, as you try to give yourself time to invent your lie.

But it isn’t always that easy. Skilful liars can learn can learn to suppress these signs. Most of us believe, wrongly, that we are easily able to spot liars. In fact research has shown that people do better at spotting lies when they can’t see the person lying. And strangely people are almost as good at detecting falsehood when they have just read someone’s words.

The truth is that honesty is over-valued. Scientists at the University of California have shown that people lie on average 200 times a day. That’s about once every 8 minutes! True, most of them are of the “Great to see you” and “I love your new dress” sort, but they are still untrue. However, as one of the University researchers puts it: “Society would be terrible if people started telling the truth. Anyone who did would be regarded with suspicion”.

5. Which three of the following signals are considered to be unreliable as signs of lying?

A cover-up smiles

B higher vocal pitch

C rapid blinking

D averted eyes

E intense displays of emotion

F facial animation

A When two pedestrians collide, there’s none of that anger we see when motorists cross one another’s path. The experts say that we don’t see aggression when people collide because they’re liable to exchange little signs of apology, which you are unable to do when you’re trapped inside a car.

The same kind of misunderstandings can easily happen on e-mail. The style of e-mail is terse but informal, so people get annoyed where no rudeness is intended, because they can’t see the expression on the face of the person they’re communicating with. If they could, the problem would instantly disappear.

B Eye contact and head nods are crucial to our conversations. The single head nod indicates that the nodder has understood what is being said and wishes the speaker to continue. Rapid and repeated head nods indicate that the speaker wishes to speak. Eye contact is also vital, and we spend up to 75 per cent of the time looking at the person we’re talking to. We can underline the points we are making by raising our eyebrows or pursing our lips. The eyebrows can also be raised in a kind of visual question mark at the end of a sentence.

C Facial movements associated with embarrassment act an apology, with the gaze averted and the eyes moving downwards. A brief smile flickers across the face and the hand often moves to the cheek. This may be accompanied by blushing. The whole response takes about five seconds.

Studies done in court rooms in the United States prove that of the defendants quality in court, the ones who blushed and looked embarrassed after the verdicts were read out received shorter sentences than those who appeared unrepentant. Embarrassment of the face is the equivalent of apologizing. It helps to show people that you know you’ve transgressed the rules.

Interestingly, embarrassment seems only to appear at the age of eighteen months, much later than other expressions. It’s at this age that a child first gets an awareness of people around it and a social sense.

D Most children learn to express themselves naturally through face-to-face communication with their parents and their peers. But in the modern world this kind of contact is diminishing. Instead of playing football and fighting, children are spending increasing amounts of time in front of computers. Numerous studies have shown that this can cause relationship problems later in life. Without the feedback of another’s emotions, children risk becoming withdrawn and depressed.