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4. Read the tet again and choose the best summary of each paragraph.

Paragraph 1

a. The experiment started with each child eating a sweet.

b. In the experiment, the children were not allowed to eat their sweets straightaway.

c. In the experiment, the children were promised an extra sweet if they were patient.

Paragraph 2

a. Most of the children decided to eat their sweet straightaway.

b. The researches were most interested in the children who found ways of passing the time in order to get an extra sweet.

c. Once the researchers had left, many of the children forgot about the sweets.

Paragraph 3

a. Success in IQ tests usually means that people are successful in life.

b. You have to be as brilliant as Einstein to be a success in life.

c. The scientists found that the children who were more patient were happier as teenagers.

5. Complete the sentences.

  1. When we think of brilliance, we … .

  2. High achievers were born … .

  3. Natural talent flowers in some people and … .

  4. The ability of defer gratification is … .

  5. Reasoning brain is a … .

  6. Daniel Goleman is sure that … .

  7. IQ is not opposite … .

  8. Researchers agree that IQ … .

  9. In the business world, IQ … .

6. Retell the text, using the following phrases: watching four-year-olds with a sweet; wait while he goes out for a few minute; behave differently; science waits for …; generally grew up to be better adjusted; gave in to temptation early.

7 A). Check the meaning and pronunciation of these adjectives from the text in your dictionary.

determined, strong-minded, well-adjusted, adventurous, confident, dependable, lonely, stubborn, brilliant, popular, awkward, impulsive.

b) Complete the sentences with one of the adjectives.

  1. A … person is exceptionally intelligent or skilful.

  2. A … person is very unwilling to change his mind.

  3. An … person is shy and easily embarrassed in a social situation.

  4. An … person is willing to take risks and try new things.

  5. A … person knows what he wants to do and won’t let anything stop him doing it.

  6. A … person can resist temptation.

  7. A … person is a person most people like.

  8. A … person is unhappy because he has no one to talk to.

  9. An … person does things suddenly, without thinking first.

  10. A … person is calm and good at controlling her emotions.

  11. A … person is someone you rely on.

  12. A … person is very sure of herself.

TEXT C

1. Read the text and answer the question of the headline. Do Lie Detectors Really Detect Lies?

The close connection between emotions and the nervous system has led to the creation of devices called polygraphs, or lie detectors. The assumption behind the lie detector is that when somebody tells a lie, his or her body reacts in a way that can be detected with specially designed sensitivity equipment.

A modern lie detector includes electrodes that measure the electrical resistance of the skin in order to detect sweating, a tube tied around the chest to measure breathing, and an inflatable cuff that measures heart rate and blood pressure. Polygraphs do not really detect lies as such. Rather, they record changes in the nervous system that occur in the test taker as he or she answers certain questions. These bodily changes include sudden shifts in breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and perspiration.

The principle of the lie detector is based on an age-old assumption – namely, that when somebody tells a lie, it can be uncovered. The Bedouins of Arabia used to make parties involved in conflict lick a hot iron. They concluded that the one whose tongue was burned more was the one who was lying. The ancient Chinese had a somewhat similar lie-detection method. A person suspected of lying was forced to chew rice powder and then spit it out. If the powder was dry, the suspect was judged to be guilty.

Significantly, both the Bedouin and the Chinese methods for detecting lies depended on whether the person’s mouth was dry or wet. The Bedouins knew that a liar’s tongue would be drier and therefore more likely to burn. Similarly, the Chinese examined the chewed rice powder spit out by the suspect. If it was dry, that suggested that the suspect’s mouth was dry and therefore that he was lying.

While these methods may seem primitive and strange to us today, they are consistent with modern psychological knowledge. People who lie are usually anxious and fearful that they will be discovered. The emotion of anxiety is linked to heightened activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. One of the signs of sympathetic arousal is a lack of saliva, or dryness in the mouth. Fear and guilt are also linked to sympathetic arousal. Hence, they also contribute to dryness in the mouth.

Polygraphs are sometimes used by the Federal government to investigate whether employees were involved in the leaking of classified information.