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метод. психологам вся по инглишу.doc
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What's In a Face: Correlations of Self, Spouse, and Stranger Ratings of Personality

One reason for the reported correlations of self and stranger ratings of personality may be that people's facial expressions, over time, form lasting features on their faces. The accuracy of impressions from facial features could, therefore, increase with the age of the people being judged.

First impressions are formed when people observe others for the first time and then ascribe personality traits based on those observations. First impressions play an important role in human interaction because they affect the ways in which people anticipate reactions from others. It is important to try to increase our understanding of how first impressions are formed so that we may be aware of the possible inaccuracy of our judgments of others. First impressions are the molding of the face by personality over time.

When two pedestrians collide, there's none of that anger we see when motorists cross one another's path. The experts say that we don't see aggression when people collide because they're liable to exchange little signs of apology, which you are unable to do when you're trapped inside a car.

The same kind of misunderstandings can easily happen on e-mail. The style of e-mail is terse but informal, so people get annoyed where no rudeness is intended, because they can't see the expression on the face of the person they're communicating with. If they could, the problem would instantly disappear.

Eye contact and head nods are crucial to our conversations. The single head nod indicates that the nodder has understood what is being said and wishes the speaker to continue. Rapid and repeated head nods indicate that the speaker wishes to speak. Eye contact is also vital, and we spend up to 75 per cent of the time looking at the person we're talking to. We can underline the points we are making by raising our eyebrows or pursing our lips. The eyebrows can also be raised in a kind of visual question mark at the end of a sentence.

Facial movements associated with embarrassment act as an apology, with the gaze averted and the eyes moving downwards. A brief smile flicker across the face and the hand often moves to the cheek This may be accompanied by blushing. The whole response takes about five seconds

Studies done in court rooms in the United States prove that of the defendants found guilty in court, the ones who blushed and looked embarrassed after the verdicts were read out received shorter sentences than those who appeared unrepentant. Embarrassment on the face is the equivalent of apologizing. It helps show people that you know you’ve transgressed the rules

Interestingly, embarrassment seems only to appear at the age of eighteen months, much later than expresses. It's at this age that a child first gets an awareness of people around it and a social sense.

Most children learn to express themselves naturally through face-to-face communication with their parents and their peers. But in the modern world this kind of contact is diminishing. Instead of playing football and fighting, children are spending increasing amounts of time in front of computers. Numerous studies have shown that this can cause relationship problems later in life. Without the feedback of another's emotions, children risk becoming withdrawn and depressed.

Facial appearance alone has been shown to be an accurate predictor of personality. Emotional expressions over time may make people's faces descriptive of their personalities.

a) 1. Over time, people's facial expressions form lasting features on their faces.

2. Over time, people's facial expressions don’t form lasting features on their faces.

b) 1. First impressions are formed when children are one year old.

2. First impressions are formed when people observe others for the first time.

c) 1. First impressions play an important role in human interaction.

2. First impressions don’t play an important role in human interaction.

d) 1. Misunderstandings can easily happen on e-mail.

2. Misunderstandings never can happen on e-mail.

e) 1. Rapid and repeated head nods indicate that the speaker wishes to speak.

2. Rapid and repeated head nods indicate that the speaker doesn’t want to speak.

f) 1. Embarrassment on the face is the equivalent of annoying.

2. Embarrassment on the face is the equivalent of apologising.

g) 1. Children’s face-to-face communication with their parents and their peers is diminishing nowadays.

2. Children’s face-to-face communication with their parents and their peers is improving nowadays.

h) 1. Children risk becoming withdrawn and depressed with the feedback of another's emotions,.

2. Without the feedback of another's emotions, children risk becoming withdrawn and depressed.