Grammar

1.The Obligue Moods. The Synthetical and Analytical Forms

The function of the obligue moods is to represent something in the speaker’s mind not as a real fact, but as a wish, purpose, supposition, doubt or condition problematic or contrary to fact. There are four obligue moods in Modern English, of which two are synthetical and two analytical.

The synthetical moods are – Subjunctive I and Subjunctive II.

The analytical moods are – the Conditional and Suppositional.

Mood	Tense	Formation	Meaning	Example	Translation
Subjunctive I	-	V (Infinitive without to)	an action as proble-matic, but not as contradic-ting reality	He de-mands that we be present.	Він вимагає, щоб ми були присутні.
Subjunctive II	present	Ved (2) (were for all persons)	an action as contrary to reality	I wish he were with us.	Шкода, що він не з нами.
	past	had Ved(3)		If he had been in town yesterday, he would have come.	Якби він був учора в місті, він би прийшов.
Suppositional	present	should V	an action as proble-matic, but not contra-dicting reality	I suggested that he should meet her.	Я запропо- нував, щоб він її зустрів.
	past	should haveVed(3)
Conditional	present	should / would V	unreal action	I should call on him but I have very little time.	Я б зайшов до нього, але у мене дуже мало часу.
	Past	should/would haveVed(3)		She would have bought a watch but the shop was closed.	Вона б купила годинник, але магазин був зачинений.

2.The Use of Subjunctive Mood in Simple Sentences

a) Smb had better + V. It means strong advice.

e.g. You had better go there again. Краще б тобі піти туди знову.

You had better not tell her about it. Краще б вам не казати їй про це.

b) Smb would rather + V. It means preference. (I prefer)

e.g. I would rather go there again. Я краще піду туди знову.

с) If only (oh, if) smb + Ved (II). It means regret or strong unreal wish.

e.g. If only he came tomorrow. О, якби він прийшов завтра.

Oh, if it were not so hot now. Ох, хоч би не було так жарко.

d) in slogans, wishes, imprecations, set expressions.

e.g. Long live the Army! Хай живе армія!

Be it so! Хай буде так!

Exercises

1.Translate into Ukrainian.

1.Be you lucky.2. He would come to see you.3. The horse would drink the water.4. I should buy this dress.5. The girls would plant the flowers.6.The car would pass this building.7. The vase would be put on the table.

2.Translate into English.

1. Ми б зустріли їх. 2. Хай їм щастить. 3. Вони здали б екзамен. 4. Він би одержав водійські права. 5. Хай студентам пощастить! 6. Мої колеги поїхали б на конференцію. 7.Дівчата зіграли б на піаніно.

3.Answer the following questions as in the models.

M O D E L : Suppose you want to buy a book. Where would you go? – I should go to a book- store.

I.1.Suppose the ice is still very thin on the river. Would you skate on it? Why? 2.Suppose you must be in Kyiv in the shortest time possible. Would you go there by train or by plane? 3.Suppose tomorrow is your friend’s birthday. What would you buy for him as a present? 4.Suppose the weather is fine tomorrow. What would you do after classes?

M O D E L : Suppose you wanted to see a film yesterday. Where would you have gone? – I should have gone to the cinema.

II.1.Suppose you were very busy last night .Would you have watched television? 2.The other day the librarian offered me a popular science book and a novel. What would you have chosen? 3.Yesterday I could go to the theatre or to the cinema. What would you have done in my place? 4.Last summer I could spend my holidays in the Crimea or in the Carpathians. Where would you have gone in my place? 5. Suppose you had dinner in the dining-room yesterday. Would you have taken cutlets or fried fish for the second course?

4.Translate into Ukrainian.

1.He had better take the metro. 2.I think I had better go to bed. 3.They had better try their luck another time. 4.We had better start at once. 5.You had better take a couple of aspirins and try to sleep. 6.She had better see a doctor about it. 7.You had better not tell her about it. 8.He had better wait here.

5.Translate into English.

1.Краще б вам працювати разом. 2.Ви б краще доглядали хворого сина. 3.Вам би краще відвідати картинну галерею. 4.Ви б краще подивилися це слово в словнику. 5.Краще б вам нічого не планувати заздалегідь. 6.Їй краще не втручатися в цю брудну справу.

6.Advise your friend:

to get this book from the library; to look after his/her sick cousin; to visit some historic places in that town; to rest an hour or so before doing this job; not to look for this book in the bookcase; to look about before crossing the street.

7.a)Translate into Ukrainian.

1.I’m sure they would much rather have some sandwiches to eat on the way. 2.She’s not at all musical. She’d much rather see a good film. 3.She hates to be in people’s way. She’d much rather stay at a hotel. 4.Would you rather stay at home tonight? 5.The weather is so fine. I’d rather walk at least part of the way.

b)Paraphrase the sentences using I would rather/sooner do smth.

1.You prefer not to put off this job but to do it right away. 2.You choose not to get this book from the library but to buy it. 3.You prefer not to go on an excursion to Kyiv but to have your holiday in the countryside. 4.You choose not to stay at home but to go to a holiday camp. 5.You prefer not to go to the sea but to have a walking holiday. 6.You prefer not to have a cup of coffee but some milk.

c)Translate into English.

1.Я вважав би за краще не відкладати цієї роботи. 2.Краще я куплю цю книгу. 3.Я б віддав перевагу подорожі до Лондону. 4.Я б не хотів залишатися там ні на один день. 5.Я краще займусь спортом. 6.Краще я вип’ю чашечку кави.

8.a)Translate into Ukrainian.

1.If only your mother could see you now. 2.If only he gave me a job. 3.Oh, if I had this chance. 4.If only someone had warned me. 5.Oh, if it did not rain. 6.Oh, if you had never gone there. 7.If only I were young again. 8.If only we found a taxi. 9.Oh, if she had taken my advice. 10.If only you realized how important it is.

b)Express your wish.

1.Your friend did not get the telegram and did not meet you. You wish she had got your telegram.

2.You don’t know Italian and can’t act as an interpreter. You wish to know this language.

3.Your friend did not let you know about her arrival and you did not see her. You wish she had let you know about it.

4.It is autumn now. You wish it to be spring now.

5.You friend did not warn you about the danger and you got into trouble. You wish he had warned you about it.

6.You did not know about the meeting and did not attend it. You wish you had known about it.

c)Translate into English.

1.Ох, якби він отримав мою телеграму. 2.Ох, хоч би він погодився почекати ще тиждень. 3.Ох, хоч би погода не зіпсувалася. 4.Ех, якби ж він повідомив нас про свій план. 5.Ех, якби ж ми замовили квитки заздалегідь. 6.Якби ж не було так жарко. 7.Якби ж він не був таким сором’язливим. 8.Якби ж ви тільки зателефонували мені.

TOPIC

Topical Vocabulary.

1.Remember the following words and word combinations:

to fulfill raw materials processing industry maize sunflower millet cultivation crop rotation joint stock company soil tillage pest and disease control weed bee-keeping transition sufficient equal developed internal market

виконувати сировина переробна промисловість кукурудза соняшник просо культивація сивозміна акціонерне товариство обробка ґрунту боротьба з шкідниками та хворобами прополка бджільнитство перехід достатній рівний, рівноправний розвинений внутрішній ринок

2.Read and translate paying attention to the active words and word combinations.

AGRICULTURE IN SUMY REGION.

Sumy region is situated in the north-east of Ukraine. Its area is 25,800 square kilometers. Steppes and plains compose the most part of Sumy region territory. The topsoils are mainly black. They are the biggest treasure of our land. That’s why agriculture is one of the most important elements in the region’s economy. This sector provides the basis for fulfilling the most basic social needs of the people. It also has a great potential for further development as a source of raw materials for regional-based food processing industry.

In Sumy region they grow sugar beet, winter wheat, winter rye, spring barley, buckwheat, millet, maize, sunflower, potatoes and other vegetables.

In field crop cultivation special attention is paid to correct crop rotation, improvement of soil tillage, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, timely weed, pest and disease control. Another important branch of farm production in the region is animal husbandry. Animal farms specialize in meat-dairy cattle raising, poultry farming, fishing. Bee-keeping is being developed. Much work is done on the improvement of animal breeds.

The territory of Sumy region is well-supplied with water resources. The principal rivers are the Desna, the Psel, the Sula, the Seim, the Vorskla. About 15 per cent of the area is covered with forests. Natural resources are sufficient for creating a developed internal market and becoming an equal partner in the world market. Since 1990 market reforms in the agricultural complex have been progressing steadily. Responding to the decree of the President, all collective agricultural enterprises have been dissolved and reorganized into private joint stock companies. This privatization activity is expected to stimulate the development of the basic production sector. No doubt, the transition to a market economy requires a relatively long period of time. But there is every reason to believe that our country will quickly enter the family of Europe’s leading countries.

3.Answer the questions.

1.What is the biggest treasure of our region?

2.What do they grow in Sumy region?

3.What do animal farms specialize in?

4.What natural resources is Sumy region well-supplied with?

5.What changes have taken place in agriculture since 1990?

4.Match the words in A with their synonyms or explanations in B.

A B

1)plain a)livestock

2)to compose b)chiefly

3)mainly c)personal

4)to provide d)to make up

5)to fulfill e)making better

6)improvement f)to supply

7)animal husbandry g)flat territory

8)private h)to carry out

5.Fill in the appropriate word.

Sumy region is situated in the north-east of Ukraine. Its main treasure is … … . That’s why agriculture is the most important branch in the region … . Agriculture is a source of raw material for … … industry. Another … branch of farm production is animal … . Meat-dairy cattle raising, … …, fishing, bee-keeping are being developed. The territory of Sumy region is well-supplied with … . About 15 per cent of the area is covered with … . To improve the development of agriculture in the region collective enterprises have been reorganized into … … … … . We hope that in the nearest future Ukraine will become one of the … countries in Europe.

_______________________________________________

private joint stock companies, black soil, important, economy, poultry farming, husbandry, food processing, forests, water resources, leading

6.Speak about the perspectives in the agriculture of Sumy region.

7. Speak on the topic using the topical vocabulary.