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25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
Dr. Barbara Castellano Da Cunha is the youngest of them, and she never thought that her path in the specialty would lead her to dedicate herself to neuroradiology. However, a series of initially fortuitous and then desired events made her a self­made specialist who supported her training through her own dedication, courses abroad, and a multidisciplinary environment. She currently works in the IPS Central in Asuncion, where her work in the Epilepsia Chirurgic Unit is well known, as is her work in the private sector.
These three pioneers also dedicate their time to training young doctors.
441
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inMexico
Most Inuential Female Mexican Neuroradiologist Doctors
Neuroradiology arrived in Mexico in 1959, and for almost 15years, it was repre­sented by men until the arrival of Dr. Teresa Olvera in 1973. She was the rst woman to earn a fellowship in neuroradiology. Subsequently, neuroradiology became known among female doctors. Dr. Perla Salgado began her fellowship in 1986. She was the rst woman to head the Neuroimaging Department at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in 2004. She is a professor who lectures at multiple national and international conferences and is part of the Electronic Work Evaluation Committee at SILAN, and participates with the National Autonomous University of Mexico to evaluate radiology and imaging headquarters nationwide.
Dr. Patricia Silva worked at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery and was president of the Mexican Society of Radiology and Imaging.
Another internationally recognized Mexican neuroradiologist is Dr. Katiuzka Casares (Fig.25.11), who is an associate professor of neuroradiology at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery. She was the rst woman to be president of the Mexican Society of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology from 2013 to 2015. Currently, she is a professor at the Inter-American College of Radiology, a national and international lecturer, and participates with the Mexican Council of Radiology in evaluating radiologist doctors. Among the ranks of Mexican neurora­diologists who have been pioneers in different areas, we can name doctors Guadalupe Ramirez and Ángeles Gómez, who were the rst to have training in endovascular therapy. Dr. Thalía Moreno was the rst Mexican female neuroradiologist to gain a functional resonance fellowship, training in France in 2004. Dr. Dulce Bonifacio began a highly specialized course in Endovascular Therapy in Mexico City, and Dr. Mariana Garza created a branch in Nuevo León to study neuroradiology with the same academic program as that at the INNN.Currently, in Mexico, we have 40 female neuroradiologists distributed throughout the country, which corresponds to 30% of the total number of neuroradiologists in Mexico. At the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 40% of the professors and Fellows in Neuroradiology
442
Fig. 25.11 Dr. Katiuzka Casares
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
are women, training both national and foreign doctors, which makes the institute a fundamental axis in the education of neuroradiology in Latin America.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inHonduras
Most Inuential Female Honduran Neuroradiologist Doctors
In the twentieth century, radiology in Honduras was exclusively for men. In the 1980s, Dr. Martha Cambar performed x-ray interpretation tasks despite not having had formal training. At the end of the 80s, Dr. Virginia Figueroa entered the country with formal radiology training and worked in her private practice in Tegucigalpa. Dr Jeaneth Bu Figueroa becomes the rst neuroradiologist in Honduras and Central America. She attended the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Honduras, UNAH.Later in 1989 She studied general radiology at the Mexican Institute of Social Security IMSS and then studied neuroradiology at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Dr. Manuel Velazco Suarez, in Mexico City, under the tutelage of Dr. Marco Zenteno. She currently practices at the IHSS and is the teaching coordinator and neuroradiology chair in the postgraduate courses in Radiology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
443
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inChile
Most Inuential Female Chilean Neuroradiologist Doctors
The advancement of women in neuroradiology in Chile has been remarkable. In a historically male-dominated eld, the emergence of Dr. Nelly Rosario Guerrero A. and Dr. Ana Pino V. as the country’s rst female radiologists in 1959 marked a signicant milestone. During the 1980s, the landscape shifted further with the emer­gence of the rst female neuroradiologists. Dr. Marcia Salinas, trained in Marseille, along with Dr. Evelyn Faure and Drs. Stef Eckhardt, who brought with them neu- rology background, led this transformative period. Following this wave, a cadre of talented women, including Drs. Patricia Orellana, Rosario Rosales, Romina Zunino, and Maria Francesca Castoldi, continued to propel the growth and diversi- cation of neuroradiology in Chile. Their collective contributions solidied the presence and impact of women in this specialized eld, shaping its trajectory and inspiring future generations.
Neuroradiology continues to advance with the support of a new generation of young professionals, including Valeria Schonstedt and Ximena Stecher, both of whom are specialists in pediatric neuroradiology and epilepsy. They work at Clínica Alemana in Santiago, and their involvement in teaching and strengthening relation­ships with their Latin American peers enhances development and collaboration in this eld.
Latin American women are playing an important role in neuroradiology. May the histories of these Latin American neuroradiologists inspire new generations of young women to choose neuroradiology as a profession and provide excellent patient care, based on humanization and diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, may the contributions of current women in the eld of teaching and science be continued by the upcoming generation.
444
Fig. 25.12 Dr. Salinas
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
Fig. 25.13
Dr. Faure
25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
445
Fig. 25.14
Schonstedt
Fig. 25.15 Dr. Ximena Stecher
Dr. KValeria
446
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists intheDominican Republic
Most Inuential Female Dominican Neuroradiologist Doctors
The Dominican Republic is proud to have Dr. Juan Manuel Taveras Rodríguez, who was a professor, editor, and Dominican Doctor, born in Moca in 1919, he is consid­ered the Father of modern Neuroradiology, and wrote the rst text on the subject and founded both the American Society of Neuroradiology and its scientic journal, of which he was its editor for several years.
The Dominican Republic has few neuroradiologists, predominantly male, the pioneers being Dr. Juan Manuel Taveras, Dr. Miguel Paliza, Dr. Antonio Honrado Castro, Dr. Rafael Fermin, among others. Currently, we have women neuroradiolo­gists, Dr. Luisa Melo de Jung as our rst neuroradiologist of the country, originally from San Pedro de Macoris, she trained at the Manuel Velasco Suarez Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico, in the period 2014–2016. The second in the country and the rst in the Northern region, Dr. Marian E.Honrado de Lee, origi- nally from San Francisco de Macorís, trained at the Manuel Velasco Suarez Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico, in the period 2016–2018. Lastly, the third Dr. Perla M.Almonte Pichardo, originally from Santiago de los Caballeros, trained at the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, 2017–2018.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inUruguay
Most Inuential Female Uruguayan Neuroradiologist Doctors
Neuroradiology in Uruguay does not have a fellowship, so if you want to specialize, you have to go to study outside. The rst woman in neuroradiology was Angelica Wozniak, who went to study in the USA in the 80’s. The rst Neurointerventional woman was Teresa Lin (neurologist), who studied with Fernanda Viñuela in Canada and UCLA in the 80’s.
A new generation of neuroradiologist women started with Cecilia Purcallas, who went to study with Dr. Lucato at San Pablo in 2005, Florencia Birriel, who studied with Dr. Ramon Figueroa in Augusta medical school in Georgia in 2012, and then Magdalena Pucurull in 2017, who also trained with Dr. Figueroa.
In Neurointerventional Radiology, Dr. Ofelia Marabotto went to France to train, and Mariana Romero and Alejandra Jaume (both originally neurosurgeons) went on to practice with Pedro Lylyk in Argentina.
25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
447

Conclusion

In summary, as we can see, women neuroradiologists in Latin America have a rich history marked by dedication and innovation. They continue to evolve, doing hard work and playing an essential role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of neurological disorders, thus improving the lives of patients. They are increasingly having an active voice and thus achieving excellent work in medical education, medical policy, leadership, and science, and serving as an inspiration for future generations.
Readers are suggested to contact the corresponding author for gures if needed.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank Diego Cavalcanti Perrelli and Danilo de Santana Marques for their help in organizing the references and in starting to format the text.

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Open Access
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Chapter 26
The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inNorth America from1990 tothePresent
AnneG.Osborn, PatriciaRhyner, CarolynC.Meltzer, PamelaW.Schaefer, LaurieA.Loevner, PinaC.Sanelli, TinaYoungPoussaint, ErinSimonSchwartz, YvonneW.Lui, YoshimiAnzai, DonatellaTampieri, WendySmoker, VijayRao, MichelleMichel, DeborahShatzkes, NancyFischbein, KristineMosier, ChristineGlastonbury, JodyTanabe, JillHunter, CarolineRobson, SusanPalasis, V.MichelleSilvera, JudyDonovanPost, AlyssaWatanabe, MichelleJohnson, LubdhaShah, WendeGibbs, MaryE.Jensen, RaquelZ.del Carpio-O’Donovan, RonaWoldenberg, TabassumKennedy, AchalaVagal, BirgitErtl-Wagner, TammieBenzinger, SoonmeCha, andPatriciaEllenGrant
A. G. Osborn University of Utah (Retired), Salt Lake City, UT, USA e-mail: anne.osborn@hsc.utah.edu
P. Rhyner Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
C. C. Meltzer Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA e-mail: carolyn.meltzer@med.usc.edu
P. W. Schaefer ( Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA e-mail: pschaefer@mgb.org
L. A. Loevner Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA e-mail: laurie.loevner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
P. C. Sanelli Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA e-mail: psanelli@northwell.edu
T. Y. Poussaint · P. E. Grant Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA e-mail: tinayoung.poussaint@childrens.harvard.edu; ellen.grant@childrens.harvard.edu
*)
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_26
449© The Author(s) 2026
450
E. S. Schwartz Division of Neuroradiology, Lurie Family Foundations’ MEG Imaging Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA e-mail: schwartzes@chop.edu
Y. W. Lui Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health/Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA e-mail: Yvonne.Lui@nyulangone.org
Y. Anzai · L. Shah University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA e-mail: yoshimi.anzai@hsc.utah.edu; lubdha.shah@hsc.utah.edu
D. Tampieri Queen’s University Hospital, Kingston, ON, USA e-mail: donatella.tampieri@kingstonhsc.ca
W. Smoker University of Iowa Health Care (Retired), Iowa City, IA, USA
V. Rao Jefferson Health, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA e-mail: vijay.rao@jefferson.edu
M. Michel Froedtert Hospital and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA e-mail: mmichel@mcw.edu
D. Shatzkes Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
N. Fischbein Department of Radiology, Center for Academic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA e-mail: schbein@stanford.edu
K. Mosier Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA e-mail: kmosier@iu.edu
C. Glastonbury University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA e-mail: christine.glastonbury@ucsf.edu
J. Tanabe University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA e-mail: jody.tanabe@cuanschutz.edu
J. Hunter Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA e-mail: jvhunter@texaschildrens.org
C. Robson Department of Radiology, Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA e-mail: caroline.robson@childrens.harvard.edu
A. G. Osborn et al.
26
The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inNorth America from1990 tothePresent
S. Palasis Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA e-mail: susan.palasis@emory.edu
V. MichelleSilvera Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
J. D. Post Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine (Retired), Boston, MA, USA
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA A. Watanabe
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA CureMetrix, San Diego, CA, USA M. Johnson
Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA e-mail: michele.h.johnson@yale.edu
W. Gibbs Department of Neuroradiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
M. E. Jensen Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, VA, USA
R. Z. del Carpio-O’Donovan McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada e-mail: raquel.delcarpio.med@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
R. Woldenberg Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA e-mail: rwoldenb@northwell.edu
T. Kennedy University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA e-mail: tkennedy@uwhealth.org
A. Vagal Department of Radiology, UC College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Training (CCTST), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA e-mail: vagala@ucmail.uc.edu
B. Ertl-Wagner Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, USA
Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA e-mail: BirgitBetina.Ertl-Wagner@sickkids.ca
T. Benzinger Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA e-mail: benzingert@wustl.edu
S. Cha Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA e-mail: soonmee.cha@ucsf.edu
451