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- •Preface
- •WFNRS 2022–2026 ExCom
- •Acknowledgments
- •Stories from Across the World of Neuroradiology
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1955—The IVth SNR—London (UK)—James William Douglas Bull
- •1957—The Vth SNR—Brussels (BE)—Donald Lane McRae
- •1961—The VIth SNR—Rome (IT)—Giovanni Ruggiero
- •1964—The VIIth SNR—New York City/USA—Juan Manuel Taveras
- •1967—The VIIIth SNR—Paris/FR—Hermann Fischgold
- •1939—The Ist SNR—Antwerp (Belgium)—Rudolph Thienpondt
- •1949—The IInd SNR—Rotterdam—Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes
- •1952—The IIIrd SNR—Stockholm (Sweden)—Erik Lindgren
- •1970—The IXth SNR—Göteborg/SE—Ingmar Wickbom
- •1974—The Xth SNR—Punta del Este/UY—Néstor Azambuja
- •1978—The XIth SNR—Wiesbaden/DE—Sigurd Wende
- •1982—The XIIth SNR—Washington DC/US—Giovanni Di Chiro
- •1986—The XIIIth SNR—Stockholm/SE—Torgny Greitz
- •1990—The XIVth SNR—London—Edward Philip George Houssemayne du Boulay
- •1994—The XVth SNR—Kumamoto/JP—Mutsumasa Takahashi
- •1998—The XVIth SNR—Philadelphia/PA, USA—Sadek Kamel Hilal
- •2002—The XVIIth SNR—Paris/FR—Luc Picard
- •2010—The XIXth SNR—Bologna/ITA—Marco Leonardi
- •2018—The XXIst SNR—Taipei/TWN—Wan-Yuo Guo
- •2022—The XXIInd SNR—New York City/NY, USA—Mauricio Castillo
- •2026—The XXIIIrd SNR—London—Tarek Yousry
- •Final Thoughts
- •Further Reading
- •Practice/Advocacy
- •Education/Training
- •Annual Meeting
- •Publications
- •Governance
- •ASNR Executive Leadership
- •ASNR Physician Leadership
- •ASNR Executive Committee
- •ASNR Committee Structure
- •Research
- •ASNR Research Committee
- •Conclusion
- •Founding Members
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Second Congress: Taipei 1997
- •Third Congress: Adelaide 1999
- •Fourth Congress: Seoul 2001
- •World Wide Web Presence
- •Fifth Congress: Shanghai 2004
- •Sixth Congress: Singapore 2007
- •Seventh Congress: Bali 2009
- •Eighth Congress: Bangkok 2012
- •Ninth Congress: Cebu 2014
- •Tenth Congress: Fukuoka 2015
- •Eleventh Congress: Beijing 2017
- •Twelfth Congress & XXI Symposium Neuroradiologicum: Taipei 2018
- •Thirteenth Congress: Seoul Online 2021
- •Fourteenth Congress: Singapore 2023
- •Working Together
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The Beginning
- •Post 1990
- •Training
- •Society Presidents
- •Current Status
- •Publications
- •Conclusion
- •Introduction
- •Organization
- •Annual Meetings
- •Training
- •Academia
- •References
- •The Recent History (2018 Until Now)
- •The Old Became New
- •References
- •Early Days
- •1990s
- •Year 2000 Onwards
- •Academic Subcommittee
- •Standards Subcommittee
- •BSNR Constitution
- •Online Presence
- •Conclusion
- •Statistics
- •Stroke Treatment
- •Organizational Structures
- •Young Neuroradiology-Junge Neuroradiologie (JUNRAD)
- •References
- •Pediatric Section
- •WFNRS
- •AINR: Associazione Italiana di Neuroradiologia
- •Hospital Departments
- •Neuroradiology Departments 2023
- •International Relationships
- •Italian Neuroradiologists Abroad
- •Lost Colleagues 1990–2023
- •The Future
- •National Congresses (Before 1990)
- •National Congresses After 1990
- •Membership Composition
- •Leadership
- •Legal Status
- •Standing Committees
- •Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Events
- •Kato Prize
- •Website
- •Foreign Honorary Members
- •Logo
- •Future Prospects
- •Introduction
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •References
- •The Context
- •The Early Years
- •Diagnostic Neuroradiology
- •Paediatric Neuroradiology
- •Neuro-intervention
- •The Future
- •References
- •References
- •References
- •References
- •Egypt
- •Introduction
- •Ethiopia
- •Ghana
- •Kenya
- •Nigeria
- •Somalia
- •South Africa
- •Paediatric Neuroradiology
- •Interventional Neuroradiology
- •Diagnostic Neuroradiology
- •Tanzania
- •Uganda
- •Paediatric Neuroradiology
- •Interventional Neuroradiology
- •Zambia
- •Summary
- •References
- •Links
- •Introduction
- •Pioneers
- •Promising Talents
- •Introduction
- •Gradual Change
- •Current Leaders
- •Bright Futures
- •Persistent Problems
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Description
- •Description
- •Description
- •Introduction
- •Description
- •Mentorship
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Further Reading
- •Croatia
- •Germany
- •Italy
- •Spain
- •Switzerland
- •The Netherlands
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Leadership
- •Education
- •Biographical Sketches

25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
Dr. Barbara Castellano Da Cunha is the youngest of them, and she never thought
that her path in the specialty would lead her to dedicate herself to neuroradiology.
However, a series of initially fortuitous and then desired events made her a selfmade specialist who supported her training through her own dedication, courses
abroad, and a multidisciplinary environment. She currently works in the IPS Central
in Asuncion, where her work in the Epilepsia Chirurgic Unit is well known, as is her
work in the private sector.
These three pioneers also dedicate their time to training young doctors.
441
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inMexico
Most Inuential Female Mexican Neuroradiologist Doctors
Neuroradiology arrived in Mexico in 1959, and for almost 15years, it was represented by men until the arrival of Dr. Teresa Olvera in 1973. She was the rst woman
to earn a fellowship in neuroradiology. Subsequently, neuroradiology became
known among female doctors. Dr. Perla Salgado began her fellowship in 1986. She
was the rst woman to head the Neuroimaging Department at the National Institute
of Neurology and Neurosurgery in 2004. She is a professor who lectures at multiple
national and international conferences and is part of the Electronic Work Evaluation
Committee at SILAN, and participates with the National Autonomous University of
Mexico to evaluate radiology and imaging headquarters nationwide.
Dr. Patricia Silva worked at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery
and was president of the Mexican Society of Radiology and Imaging.
Another internationally recognized Mexican neuroradiologist is Dr. Katiuzka
Casares (Fig.25.11), who is an associate professor of neuroradiology at the National
Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery. She was the rst woman to be president
of the Mexican Society of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology from 2013
to 2015. Currently, she is a professor at the Inter-American College of Radiology, a
national and international lecturer, and participates with the Mexican Council of
Radiology in evaluating radiologist doctors. Among the ranks of Mexican neuroradiologists who have been pioneers in different areas, we can name doctors Guadalupe
Ramirez and Ángeles Gómez, who were the rst to have training in endovascular
therapy. Dr. Thalía Moreno was the rst Mexican female neuroradiologist to gain a
functional resonance fellowship, training in France in 2004. Dr. Dulce Bonifacio
began a highly specialized course in Endovascular Therapy in Mexico City, and Dr.
Mariana Garza created a branch in Nuevo León to study neuroradiology with the
same academic program as that at the INNN.Currently, in Mexico, we have 40
female neuroradiologists distributed throughout the country, which corresponds to
30% of the total number of neuroradiologists in Mexico. At the National Institute of
Neurology and Neurosurgery, 40% of the professors and Fellows in Neuroradiology

442
Fig. 25.11 Dr. Katiuzka
Casares
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
are women, training both national and foreign doctors, which makes the institute a
fundamental axis in the education of neuroradiology in Latin America.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inHonduras
Most Inuential Female Honduran Neuroradiologist Doctors
In the twentieth century, radiology in Honduras was exclusively for men. In the
1980s, Dr. Martha Cambar performed x-ray interpretation tasks despite not having
had formal training. At the end of the 80s, Dr. Virginia Figueroa entered the country
with formal radiology training and worked in her private practice in Tegucigalpa. Dr
Jeaneth Bu Figueroa becomes the rst neuroradiologist in Honduras and Central
America. She attended the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous
University of Honduras, UNAH.Later in 1989 She studied general radiology at the
Mexican Institute of Social Security IMSS and then studied neuroradiology at the
National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Dr. Manuel Velazco Suarez, in
Mexico City, under the tutelage of Dr. Marco Zenteno. She currently practices at the
IHSS and is the teaching coordinator and neuroradiology chair in the postgraduate
courses in Radiology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation.

25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
443
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inChile
Most Inuential Female Chilean Neuroradiologist Doctors
The advancement of women in neuroradiology in Chile has been remarkable. In a
historically male-dominated eld, the emergence of Dr. Nelly Rosario Guerrero
A. and Dr. Ana Pino V. as the country’s rst female radiologists in 1959 marked a
signicant milestone. During the 1980s, the landscape shifted further with the emergence of the rst female neuroradiologists. Dr. Marcia Salinas, trained in Marseille,
along with Dr. Evelyn Faure and Drs. Stef Eckhardt, who brought with them neu-
rology background, led this transformative period. Following this wave, a cadre of
talented women, including Drs. Patricia Orellana, Rosario Rosales, Romina
Zunino, and Maria Francesca Castoldi, continued to propel the growth and diversi-
cation of neuroradiology in Chile. Their collective contributions solidied the
presence and impact of women in this specialized eld, shaping its trajectory and
inspiring future generations.
Neuroradiology continues to advance with the support of a new generation of
young professionals, including Valeria Schonstedt and Ximena Stecher, both of
whom are specialists in pediatric neuroradiology and epilepsy. They work at Clínica
Alemana in Santiago, and their involvement in teaching and strengthening relationships with their Latin American peers enhances development and collaboration in
this eld.
Latin American women are playing an important role in neuroradiology. May the
histories of these Latin American neuroradiologists inspire new generations of
young women to choose neuroradiology as a profession and provide excellent
patient care, based on humanization and diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, may the
contributions of current women in the eld of teaching and science be continued by
the upcoming generation.

444
Fig. 25.12 Dr. Salinas
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
Fig. 25.13
Dr. Faure

25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
445
Fig. 25.14
Schonstedt
Fig. 25.15 Dr. Ximena
Stecher
Dr. KValeria

446
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists
intheDominican Republic
Most Inuential Female Dominican Neuroradiologist Doctors
The Dominican Republic is proud to have Dr. Juan Manuel Taveras Rodríguez, who
was a professor, editor, and Dominican Doctor, born in Moca in 1919, he is considered the Father of modern Neuroradiology, and wrote the rst text on the subject
and founded both the American Society of Neuroradiology and its scientic journal,
of which he was its editor for several years.
The Dominican Republic has few neuroradiologists, predominantly male, the
pioneers being Dr. Juan Manuel Taveras, Dr. Miguel Paliza, Dr. Antonio Honrado
Castro, Dr. Rafael Fermin, among others. Currently, we have women neuroradiologists, Dr. Luisa Melo de Jung as our rst neuroradiologist of the country, originally
from San Pedro de Macoris, she trained at the Manuel Velasco Suarez Institute of
Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico, in the period 2014–2016. The second in the
country and the rst in the Northern region, Dr. Marian E.Honrado de Lee, origi-
nally from San Francisco de Macorís, trained at the Manuel Velasco Suarez Institute
of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico, in the period 2016–2018. Lastly, the third
Dr. Perla M.Almonte Pichardo, originally from Santiago de los Caballeros, trained
at the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran,
Mexico, 2017–2018.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inUruguay
Most Inuential Female Uruguayan Neuroradiologist Doctors
Neuroradiology in Uruguay does not have a fellowship, so if you want to specialize,
you have to go to study outside. The rst woman in neuroradiology was Angelica
Wozniak, who went to study in the USA in the 80’s. The rst Neurointerventional
woman was Teresa Lin (neurologist), who studied with Fernanda Viñuela in Canada
and UCLA in the 80’s.
A new generation of neuroradiologist women started with Cecilia Purcallas,
who went to study with Dr. Lucato at San Pablo in 2005, Florencia Birriel, who
studied with Dr. Ramon Figueroa in Augusta medical school in Georgia in 2012,
and then Magdalena Pucurull in 2017, who also trained with Dr. Figueroa.
In Neurointerventional Radiology, Dr. Ofelia Marabotto went to France to train,
and Mariana Romero and Alejandra Jaume (both originally neurosurgeons) went on
to practice with Pedro Lylyk in Argentina.

25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
447
Conclusion
In summary, as we can see, women neuroradiologists in Latin America have a rich
history marked by dedication and innovation. They continue to evolve, doing hard
work and playing an essential role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of
neurological disorders, thus improving the lives of patients. They are increasingly
having an active voice and thus achieving excellent work in medical education,
medical policy, leadership, and science, and serving as an inspiration for future
generations.
Readers are suggested to contact the corresponding author for gures if needed.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank Diego Cavalcanti Perrelli and Danilo de Santana
Marques for their help in organizing the references and in starting to format the text.
References
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statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0

Chapter 26
The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology
inNorth America from1990 tothePresent
AnneG.Osborn, PatriciaRhyner, CarolynC.Meltzer, PamelaW.Schaefer,
LaurieA.Loevner, PinaC.Sanelli, TinaYoungPoussaint,
ErinSimonSchwartz, YvonneW.Lui, YoshimiAnzai, DonatellaTampieri,
WendySmoker, VijayRao, MichelleMichel, DeborahShatzkes,
NancyFischbein, KristineMosier, ChristineGlastonbury, JodyTanabe,
JillHunter, CarolineRobson, SusanPalasis, V.MichelleSilvera,
JudyDonovanPost, AlyssaWatanabe, MichelleJohnson, LubdhaShah,
WendeGibbs, MaryE.Jensen, RaquelZ.del Carpio-O’Donovan,
RonaWoldenberg, TabassumKennedy, AchalaVagal, BirgitErtl-Wagner,
TammieBenzinger, SoonmeCha, andPatriciaEllenGrant
A. G. Osborn
University of Utah (Retired), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
e-mail: anne.osborn@hsc.utah.edu
P. Rhyner
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
C. C. Meltzer
Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
e-mail: carolyn.meltzer@med.usc.edu
P. W. Schaefer (
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
e-mail: pschaefer@mgb.org
L. A. Loevner
Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
e-mail: laurie.loevner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
P. C. Sanelli
Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
e-mail: psanelli@northwell.edu
T. Y. Poussaint · P. E. Grant
Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
e-mail: tinayoung.poussaint@childrens.harvard.edu; ellen.grant@childrens.harvard.edu
*)
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_26
449© The Author(s) 2026

450
E. S. Schwartz
Division of Neuroradiology, Lurie Family Foundations’ MEG Imaging Center,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
e-mail: schwartzes@chop.edu
Y. W. Lui
Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health/Grossman School of Medicine,
New York, NY, USA
e-mail: Yvonne.Lui@nyulangone.org
Y. Anzai · L. Shah
University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
e-mail: yoshimi.anzai@hsc.utah.edu; lubdha.shah@hsc.utah.edu
D. Tampieri
Queen’s University Hospital, Kingston, ON, USA
e-mail: donatella.tampieri@kingstonhsc.ca
W. Smoker
University of Iowa Health Care (Retired), Iowa City, IA, USA
V. Rao
Jefferson Health, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
e-mail: vijay.rao@jefferson.edu
M. Michel
Froedtert Hospital and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
e-mail: mmichel@mcw.edu
D. Shatzkes
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
N. Fischbein
Department of Radiology, Center for Academic Medicine, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
e-mail: schbein@stanford.edu
K. Mosier
Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
e-mail: kmosier@iu.edu
C. Glastonbury
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
e-mail: christine.glastonbury@ucsf.edu
J. Tanabe
University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
e-mail: jody.tanabe@cuanschutz.edu
J. Hunter
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
e-mail: jvhunter@texaschildrens.org
C. Robson
Department of Radiology, Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA
e-mail: caroline.robson@childrens.harvard.edu
A. G. Osborn et al.

26
The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inNorth America from1990 tothePresent
S. Palasis
Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
e-mail: susan.palasis@emory.edu
V. MichelleSilvera
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
J. D. Post
Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine (Retired), Boston, MA, USA
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
A. Watanabe
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
CureMetrix, San Diego, CA, USA
M. Johnson
Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
e-mail: michele.h.johnson@yale.edu
W. Gibbs
Department of Neuroradiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
M. E. Jensen
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
R. Z. del Carpio-O’Donovan
McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
e-mail: raquel.delcarpio.med@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
R. Woldenberg
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
e-mail: rwoldenb@northwell.edu
T. Kennedy
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
e-mail: tkennedy@uwhealth.org
A. Vagal
Department of Radiology, UC College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Training (CCTST), University of Cincinnati
Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
e-mail: vagala@ucmail.uc.edu
B. Ertl-Wagner
Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, ON, USA
Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA
e-mail: BirgitBetina.Ertl-Wagner@sickkids.ca
T. Benzinger
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, Washington University in Saint
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
e-mail: benzingert@wustl.edu
S. Cha
Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco,
San Francisco, CA, USA
e-mail: soonmee.cha@ucsf.edu
451
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