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rst female president, Dr. Margaret Hourihan (President 2004–2006), who had also
been one of the rst female full members. Dr. Hourihan introduced the President’s
Medal, awarded at the discretion of the President at the end of their term of ofce to
a member of the Society for outstanding achievement. Further diversity was
achieved when, in 2009, the Society elected its rst president from an ethnic minority, Dr. Anil Gholkar OBE (President 2010–2012).
Dr. Robin Sellar (President 2008–2010) observed that other clinical neuroscience bodies in the UK were signicantly more structured than BSNR and introduced three new subcommittees—Academic, Standards and Training and Education.
After the initial appointment of Chairs by the President, there was a very enthusiastic response from members to be involved. The chief benets of the subcommittees
were twofold. Firstly it provided the BSNR with considerably more manpower
resource to contribute to all manner of issues facing the provision and development
of neuroradiology as a speciality. Secondly, it provided opportunity for more members of the Society to become actively involved. Since formation, the activities of
the subcommittees have included:
C. Rowland-Hill and D. Mitra
Academic Subcommittee
Establishment of the Du Boulay Professorship, in honour of Professor George du
Boulay (President 1982–1984). The incumbent or incumbents (on occasions this
has been a joint appointment) visit several training schemes in the UK during their
two years of tenure, giving lectures and providing advice and guidance on how to
pursue a career in neuroradiology.
The Isherwood Prize, in honour of Professor Ian Isherwood (President
1994–1996), was introduced as a pump priming grant, awarded on the basis of submission of a research proposal and subsequent interview.
The Academic Subcommittee also administers a series of Travelling Scholarships,
providing funding for trainees to visit other neuroscience centres for a specic
purpose.
Standards Subcommittee
Review and revision of the Safe Neuroradiology document, which has helped several departments with planning for stafng levels and equipment upgrades.
Neuroradiology input to the Royal College of Radiologists’ iRefer resource, now
electronic, which has had a signicant impact on improving the appropriateness of
referrals for neuroimaging.
7 A History of the British Neuroradiology from the Perspective of British Society…
95
Contribution to the development of numerous reports and guidelines, including
the 2013 NCEPOD report on Subarachnoid Haemorrhage, Standards for safe
Thrombectomy provision, National Clinical Guideline for Stroke and Guidance for
Revalidation in Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology.
Training andEducation Subcommittee (TESC)
From the outset, the TESC has been involved in developing and improving the content of the curriculum for neuroradiology training, in conjunction with the curriculum committee of the RCR.Due to the limitations imposed on curriculum content
by the General Medical Council (GMC), the TESC also developed curriculum support tools, providing detail to supplement the RCR curriculum and the opportunity
for trainees to provide feedback to the BSNR.
BSNR stand-alone Trainee Days were established in 2015, expanding to two
days in 2018. The unwelcome arrival of Covid-19in 2020 resulted in cancellation
of the 2020 event but opened the door to the establishment of more remote teaching
online. This proved to be extremely successful. The audience for the BSNR training
grew from what had been 30–40 physical attendees to around 200 trainees and consultants from around the world. The online training programme was formalised in
Autumn 2020 with completion of the rst 2-yearcycle in July 2021 by which time
there had been over 14,000 virtual attendances.
A virtual Grand Round was introduced in the summer of 2020. Initially UK-based,
this has expanded to presentations from around the world, including Canada, Brazil,
Hong King and the UAE as well as a number of European centres.
In 2020, an annual Christmas lecture was introduced, followed by an Easter lecture in 2021. Topics have ranged from the psychology of perception through clinical
negligence to paleoradiology. In 2022, an Easter Quiz was introduced.
From the early years of the BSNR, a requirement of becoming a Full Member
had been to have presented a scientic paper at the ASM.By 2015, it was felt this
rule was anachronistic and out of keeping with other societies. Subsequently, it was
decided that all consultant neuroradiologists would be eligible for full membership.
The 2016 ASM in York, hosted by the Leeds neuroradiology team, marked the
introduction of a second eponymous lecture, in honour of Brian Kendall, a titan of
British neuroradiology who had contributed so much to the eld of adult and paediatric neuroradiology as well as pioneering work in neurointervention. The inaugural
Brian Kendall lecture was delivered by Dr. David Fiorella.
A manpower survey in 2016 showed there were 230.5 WTE neuroradiologists in
the UK, of whom 79 were interventionists. There were 24 vacancies in neurointervention. It was estimated that 140 neurointerventionists would be required to deliver
a 24/7 mechanical thrombectomy service.
96
C. Rowland-Hill and D. Mitra
BSNR Constitution
The Society’s constitution underwent three major revisions during the 2010s to
accommodate the new subcommittees, adopt changes in membership requirements,
update scal arrangements and responsibilities and, lastly, to become a registered
charity.
Online Presence
A BSNR website was rst established in the early 2000s during Dr. John Straiton’s
tenure as Secretary. For many years, this was a little-used resource with few hits, but
more recently, this has been transformed to a comprehensive site with a great deal
of information about the Society and its meetings, teaching events and other
activities.
Conclusion
Since 1990, British Society of Neuroradiologist (BSNR) has developed from a relatively small, male-dominated group of interested Neuroradiologists to a highly
structured, diverse and democratic organisation with a strong online presence and
an academic programme which has been complimented and emulated by similar
societies. Looking forward, BSNR wants to continue developing its educational and
research activities as well as its global footprint while continuing its role in setting
and reviewing standards in Neuroradiology.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
Chapter 8
World History ofNeuroradiology: Croatia
DijanaZadravec, MiaSmoljanBasuga, andMateaPrenc
Croatia is a country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.
After the country’s independence from the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, the
healthcare system in Croatia has undergone various reforms.
Croatia’s healthcare system is comparable to those in other European countries
in terms of coverage and access to services. It is characterized by a combination of
public and private services, delivered through a network of public hospitals, health
centers, and specialized institutions, providing universal health coverage to its
citizens.
Neuroradiology subspecialization is among three possible radiological subspecializations (ultrasound and interventional radiology being the other two) radiologists can choose from in Croatia.
There are currently 72 neuroradiologists in Croatia, practicing mainly in the
University hospital centers. The majority work in the two University hospital centers in the capital of Zagreb. The second largest group of neuroradiologists works in
the second largest Croatian city—Split. The neuroradiologists in University hospital
centers mostly practice neuroradiology in their daily practice, with none or little
general radiology, while in smaller regional hospitals, which usually have only a
few neuroradiologists, neuroradiology is practiced only part-time.
Neuroradiology subspecialization is divided in two phases. The rst phase
(6months) is dedicated to the clinical aspect and includes familiarizing the candidate with the fundamentals of clinical neuroradiology, neuropathology, and neurosurgery. In the second phase (16months) of subspecialization, the candidate trains
and works in an institution with a well-established neuroradiology department. In
addition to work duties, lectures, colloquiums, and a nal exam are included in the
D. Zadravec · M. S. Basuga (*) · M. Prenc
Croatian Society of Neuroradiology, UHC Sestre Milosrdnice, University of Zagreb School
of Dental medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: zadravec@sfzg.hr; msmoljan@sfzg.hr; mprenc@sfzg.hr
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_8
97© The Author(s) 2026
98
D. Zadravec et al.
second phase of the subspecialization. A total of 256hours of classes are foreseen
in the form of seminars, lectures, and setting of diagnostic problems with independent participation of candidates.
During the second, radiological part of the program, neuroradiology candidates
rotate through different neuroradiology subunits—neuroradiological emergencies,
cerebrovascular diseases, inammatory and parasitic diseases, degenerative diseases, neuro oncology, neuromuscular diseases, epilepsy, forensic neuroradiology,
neuroradiologic methods in psychiatry, pediatric neuroradiology, and stereotaxy.
An important milestone for Croatian neuroradiology was the establishment of
the Croatian network of interventional neuroradiology in 2023. It includes Primary
centers organized in 18 hospitals throughout Croatia and Secondary centers organized in ve university hospital centers where the neuroterventional procedures take
place. The neuroradiological imaging and clinical data for mechanical thrombectomy or aneurysmatic embolization candidates are transferred from Primary centers
to the Secondary centers via telemedicine and, if treatable, promptly transported to
the nearest Secondary center. Therefore, the network shows its full potential in the
early (the earliest possible) arrival of patients with the rst symptoms of stroke and
enables better treatment and recovery of patients.
The Croatian Society of Radiology (Hrvatsko društvo radiologa—HDR) was
founded and named at the Founding Assembly held on April 22,1992, and the
Section of Neuroradiology was the rst section to be founded in 1993, in the very
beginning of Croatia’s independence. The rst president of the Section was prof
Nada Bešenski. Other notable neuroradiologists from that time are professors
Zvonimir Sučić, Stipan Janković, Jurica Papa, and Ante Buća.
Prof Nada Bešenski, prof Stipan Janković and prof Ante Buča and their associates wrote two neuroradiology university textbooks in Croatian—Klinička neurora-
diologija mozga (Clinical brain neuroradiology) and Klinička neuroradiologija
kralježnice (Clinical spine neuroradiology), published in 2011 and 2013. The text-
books were reviewed by prof Zvonimir Sučić, Croatia’s rst neuroradiologist.
Section of Neuroradiology acted as a part of the HDR for years, but with the
evolving neuroradiological modern techniques and developments, an aspiration
among neuroradiologists within the HDR to form a separate society has emerged, a
society devoted only to neuroradiology, head and neck radiology, and dental radiology, similar to Neuroradiological societies of other countries that have already been
assembled.
The Croatian Neuroradiological Society (Hrvatsko neuroradiološko društvo,
HNRD) of the Croatian Medical Association (Hrvatski liječnički zbor, HLZ) was
founded at the end of 2017 at the Department for Diagnostic and Interventional
Radiology at University Hospital Centre Sestre milosrdnice (UHC Sisters of Mercy)
in Zagreb with the aim of gathering experts in the eld of neuroradiology, head and
neck radiology, and neurointervention, in order to make all important plans and
decisions in the eld of neuroradiology and neurointervention in the Republic of
Croatia. The initiative was started by professor Dijana Zadravec (Fig.8.1).
Meeting of the initiative committee for the establishment of HNRD was held on
December 14, 2017, and on December 19, 2017, the decision of the Main Board of
8 World History ofNeuroradiology: Croatia
Fig. 8.1 Prof. DijanaZadravec—President of the
Croatian Society of
Neuroradiology
99
Croatian Medical Association to establish HNRD was made. Founding assembly
was held on February 22, 2018, and the latest electoral assembly on March 22,
2022. prof Dijana Zadravec has been elected the president of the Society both times.
The vice-president of HNRD is prof Zvonimir Sučić, and the Executive Commitee
members are neuroradiologists Dr. Mia Smoljan Basuga, Dr. Tamara Rihtar, Dr.
Ivana Župetić, Prim Stanko Belina, neurologist prof Iris Zavoreo, dental medicine
doctor prof Tomislav Badel, and the secretary is Dr. Matea Prenc (Fig.8.2).
The society is inclusive in nature, and, apart from neuroradiologists and radiologists and radiology residents showing a particular interest in neuroradiology, all
other health care actors whose professional, scientic, or teaching interest is focused
or connected to the eld of neuroradiology, neuroscience, neurointervention, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, dental medicine, and other related medical
branches, as well as in prevention of neurological and head and neck diseases, are
welcome. Therefore, members of the Executive committee as mentioned before, are
not only neuroradiologists but also from other medical specialties. The goals of
HNRD are based on a multidisciplinary approach to patient health, central nervous
system, and head and neck disease prevention, enabling the most modern neuroradiological diagnostics and neurointerventional treatment, as well as increasing their
accessibility to as many patients as possible evenly within Croatia. Being a relatively young society, Croatian Society of Neuroradiology wanted a modern and
distinctive logo containing symbols and colors representing neuroradiology and the
100
Fig. 8.2
Members of
Croatian Society of
Neuroradiology Executive
committee Dr. Mia
Smoljan Basuga, prof.
Dijana Zadravec and
Dr.Tamara Rihtar
Fig. 8.3 A logo of the Croatian
Society of Neuroradiology
D. Zadravec et al.
Society itself. The grey color was chosen because of the grey matter and purple is
the color of Croatian Society of Neuroradiology. Therefore, a stylized image of
brain in purple, encompassing a grey neuron was picked for a logo of the Croatian
Society of Neuroradiology (Fig.8.3).
The special goals of the Society are the progress of the neuroradiology profession and neuroscience in the Republic of Croatia, representation of Croatian neuroradiology in the world, development of professional guidelines for the diagnostics
8 World History ofNeuroradiology: Croatia
101
and treatment of diseases of the central nervous system and head and neck in close
cooperation with other relevant experts, as well as proposal of scientic projects
concerning neuroradiology to European funds and the Ministries of the Republic of
Croatia for development and modernization of scientic activity in the eld of
neuroradiology.
HNRD is focused on the permanent professional and scientic training of HNRD
members through the organization of professional and scientic meetings, congresses, seminars, lectures, and courses, that is, all forms of permanent medical
training, which is a particularly important part of the Society’s program. HNRD has
no membership fee. In just one year since the assembly, the Society doubled the
number of members. Currently there are 97 HNRD members.
HNRD is engaged in the further development of neuroradiology in Croatia and
in the organization of interesting, useful, and high-quality meetings and workshops.
So far, the following professional events have taken place:
1. Symposium Emergency Clinical Radiology with international participation
November 17–18, 2017, Zagreb, Croatia
2. Radiology Academy 2018
International Course in Head & Neck Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional
Neuroradiology and Dental Radiology
May 21–23, 2018, Dubrovnik, Croatia
3. Interdisciplinary Expert Meeting—October 2018
Dedicated to the World Stroke Day
October 24, 2018, Zagreb, Croatia
4. Second Symposium Emergency Clinical Radiology with International
Participation
December 6–7, 2018, Zagreb, Croatia
5. Mechanical thrombectomy– a new era in ischemic stroke treatment
Course in Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology
December 8, 2018, Zagreb, Croatia
6. Interdisciplinary Expert Meeting—March 2019
Dedicated to Pediatric Neuropathology
March 28, 2019, Zagreb, Croatia
7. Interdisciplinary Expert Meeting—July 2019
Dedicated to Hydrocephalus
July 3, 2019, Zagreb, Croatia
8. Interdisciplinary Expert Meeting—September 2019
Dedicated to Epilepsy
September 24, 2019, Zagreb, Croatia
102
D. Zadravec et al.
9. Interdisciplinary Expert Meeting—November 2019
Dedicated to Orbital Pathology
November 12, 2019, Zagreb, Croatia
10. Third Symposium Emergency Clinical Radiology
November 29, 2019, Zagreb, Croatia
11. Fourth Symposium Emergency Clinical Radiology with International
Participation ONLINE
December 11, 2020
12. First Croatian Neuroradiological Congress with International
Participation ONLINE
April 22–24, 2021, Rovinj, Croatia
13. Interdisciplinary Expert Meeting—December 2021
Dedicated to AI
December 16, 2021, Zagreb, Croatia
Radiology Academy has been a very well-appreciated rst organizational venture of the Society, held in beautiful history-rich Dubrovnik. Faculty consisted of 17
international lecturers (Croatia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Finland, Slovenia,
Turkey, the USA), who gave very interesting lectures from predominantly head and
neck radiology, but also dental radiology, neuroradiology, and neurointervention.
HNRD has held four Emergency Clinical Radiology Symposia, always taking
place at the end of the year, in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. The meetings were
multidisciplinary, hosting both clinicians (neurologists, internal medicine doctors,
emergency medicine doctors, surgeons, otorhinolaryngologists) and radiologists as
well as neuroradiologists from Croatia but also from abroad (Turkey, USA, Hungary,
Canada, Belgium, Brazil) giving not only radiologists’ but also clinicians’ perspectives. The symposia were focused not only on neuroradiology but on emergency
radiology in general.
The rst Symposium was followed by a Course in Diagnostic and Interventional
Neuroradiology—Mechanical thrombectomy—a new era in ischemia stroke treatment, where clinicians, neuroradiologists, and neurointerventional radiologists
shared their view and knowledge on stroke treatment and mechanical thrombectomy with the participants. The course consisted of a lecture part, followed by a
workshop.
The rst Croatian Neuroradiological Congress with international participation
took place during the COVID pandemic, so it was therefore a hybrid congress, held
online for participants, with a part of the faculty giving lectures from the beautiful
city of Rovinj in Croatia’s biggest peninsula, Istria. The program included lecturers
from North and South America, Australia, and Europe. HNRD was very proud that
ve eminent world-known neuroradiology experts gave plenary lectures on the rst
8 World History ofNeuroradiology: Croatia
103
day of the congress—prof Anne Osborn, prof James Barkovich, prof Suresh
K.Mukherji, prof Jan Casselman, and prof Meng Law. The second day of the congress was dedicated to neuroradiology of CNS tumors, stroke cerebrovascular diseases, and neurointervention, followed by issues in neuroimaging of infectious
demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as subjects pertaining to
pediatric neuroradiology. Furthermore, topics such as neurologic manifestations
and neuroradiological presentation of Covid-19 and use of articial intelligence in
neuroradiology were also discussed. The last day of the congress was devoted to
approaches in imaging of neurotrauma pituitary region and skull base pathology
and non-neoplastic lesions, with a separate section related to technological advances
in neuroradiology.
The 2nd Croatian Neuroradiological Congress with international participation
was organized in April 2025, where numerous eminent neuroradiologists from 17
countries activelyparticipated and shared the newest professional and scientic
achievements in their areas of expertise. Several interdisciplinary expert meetings
have been organized so far, hosting clinicians from different elds related to neuroradiology or head and neck radiology, each time with a focus on a different topic.
The rst one was dedicated to the World Stroke Day, held at the end of October
2018, where a Croatian academic, neurologist Vida Demarin, gave an excellent lecture on stroke prevention. Croatian neuroradiologists and neurointerventional radiologists also gave lectures on the topic of stroke. The second interdisciplinary expert
meeting was dedicated to pediatric neuropathology, hosting a neuropediatrician,
neuroradiologist, and a pediatric neurosurgeon. The third meeting was on the topic
of hydrocephalus, with lectures given by a neuroscientist with a scientic expertise
in CSF dynamics, a neuroradiologist, and a neurosurgeon. The fourth meeting was
focused on epilepsy, from a neurologist, neurosurgeon, and neuroradiologist’s perspective. The fth meeting was focused on orbits, therefore the discussions and the
lectures were held by an ophthalmologist and a neuroradiologist. The sixth meeting
was international and focused on articial intelligence.
In 2019, professor Zadravec and associates were involved in the EU project
Optimization and improvement of radiological diagnostics efcacy in the health
care system of the Republic of Croatia—Radiological educational center
(Optimizacija i poboljšanje učinkovitosti radiološke dijagnostike u sustavu
zdravstva Republike Hrvatske—Radiološki edukacijski centar) (UP.02.2.1.05.0001).
The project value was 4.3millioneu. The project lasted for four years and ended in
December 2023. Numerous lectures and workshops about the MRI were provided
and organized for three groups of medical professionals—the general practitioners,
doctors specialized in non-radiological branches, and radiology technicians. The
nal goal of the project was the shortening of waiting lists for radiological exams in
Croatia by raising the knowledge about radiological imaging possibilities and indications. The MR 3 T machine was obtained and a book, MR Alphabet of
Neuroradiology (MR abeceda neuroradiologije), with many pictorial examples of
neuroradiological pathologies has been published as a part of the project.