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104
Fig. 8.4
Dr. Matea Prenc,
prof. Dijana Zadravec and
Dr. Mia Smoljan Basuga
(from left to right) at the
2nd Croatian
Neuroradiological
Congress with international
participation, presenting
Dental radiology university
textbook, 2nd edition
D. Zadravec et al.
Prof Dijana Zadravec and associates also wrote and published Dentalna
radiologija university textbook in Croatian in 2016 and also Dental Radiology in
English in 2020. The second edition of Dentalna radiologija university textbook
was published in 2023 (Fig.8.4).
HNRD President prof Zadravec and Executive committee member Dr. Mia
Smoljan Basuga are holders of the European Diploma in Neuroradiology (EDiNR),
being among several other neuroradiologists in Croatia who have passed the
EDiNR exam.
Prof Zadravec has been a deputy director of University hospital center Sestre
milosrdnice since 2016 to 2020 and has been head of the department for diagnostic
and interventional radiology from 2016 to 2021. She is head of Clinical unit for
Neuroradiology at the University hospital center Sestre milosrdnice in Zagreb since
2016 and is the founder and head of the Referral center for radiological prevention,
diagnostics, therapy, and rehabilitation of head and neck diseases of the Ministry of
health, Republic of Croatia since 2015.
Prof Zadravec is Head of the General and Dental Radiology department at the
University of Zagreb, School of Dental medicine. Two members of the HNRD
Executive Committee are also involved at the University of Zagreb, Dr. Mia Smoljan
Basuga, a postdoctoral teaching assistant, and Dr. Matea Prenc, a teaching assistant.
The Croatian Neuroradiological Society can be followed on its web page (www.
neuroradiologija.org) where society professional activities are listed along with
their programs and photos.
The Croatian Neuroradiological Society is a member of the World Federation of
Neuroradiological Societies (WFNRS) since 2018 and the European Society of
Neuroradiology (ESNR) since 2022. prof Dijana Zadravec is Croatian national delegate. Croatian Society of Neuroradiology will continue further development of
Neuroradiology in Croatia and abroad.
Readers are suggested to contact the corresponding author for gures, if needed.
8 World History ofNeuroradiology: Croatia
105
Open Access
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Chapter 9
Neuroradiology inGermany
PeterSchramm, AnsgarBerlis, andFlorianSchneider
Scope ofWork: Diagnosis andIntervention
Statistics
Neuroradiology in Germany is a focal subject of radiology. This means: The
specialized training in neuroradiology builds on the specialist radiology training. The training period has been 24months since the introduction of the model
training regulations in 2018. Neuroradiological content is already part of the
training for the specialist in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. According
to statistics from the German Medical Association as of 12/22, 717 radiologists
with a specialization/training in neuroradiology practised in Germany, 483 of
them in in-patient care [1, 2].
P. Schramm
Institut für Neuroradiologie, UKSH Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus
Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
e-mail: Peter.Schramm@uksh.de
A. Berlis
University hospital Augsburg, Germany, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology,
Augsburg, Germany
e-mail: ansgar.berlis@uk-augsburg.de
F. Schneider (
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neuroradiologie e.V., Berlin, Germany
e-mail: schneider@drg.de; dgnr@neuroradiologie.de; http://www.dgnr.org/
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_9
*)
107© The Author(s) 2026
108
17894
Modul schlaganfalltherapie
P. Schramm et al.
Stroke Treatment
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common diseases in Germany, with about
270,000 cases annually, and the third leading cause of death. Since the mid-2010s,
several international multicenter studies have proven the high efcacy of endovascular therapy developed primarily in neuroradiology. In this minimally invasive
method, the blood clot is removed using a catheter system under angiographic
image control (Mechanical Thrombectomy MT). MT has since become a cornerstone in the treatment of ischemic stroke. In 2023, almost 18,000 procedures were
documented in the Intervention Register of the German Society for Interventional
Radiology (DeGIR) and the German Society for Neuroradiology e.V. (DGNR),
which means 8% of all ischemic strokes. In view of the voluntary documentation in
the register, this is a high number (cf. Fig.9.1). Neuroradiologists and radiologists
with additional qualication from the professional societies (see below) are involved
in the Stroke Unit certication of the German Stroke Society e.V. (DSG), which
currently (2023) counts 349 certied Stroke Units in Germany, ensuring nationwide
care for acute ischemic stroke [3, 4].
15313
13119
Fig. 9.1 Rising number of mechanical thrombectomy procedures for acute ischemic stroke in
Germany from 2018 to 2023, as documented in the national DeGIR/DGNR intervention registry.
The data reect a signicant increase in the application of this neuroradiological technique, underlining its pivotal role in modern stroke care. In the DeGIR/DGNR intervention register, the interventions of around 300 entering clinics are documented with regard to outcome, radiation exposure,
treatment duration, etc. [5]. (Credits: DGNR)
13836
20192018
15441
16475
2023202220212020
9
Neuroradiology inGermany
109
Certication
Since 2012, the German Society for Neuroradiology e.V., in cooperation with the
German Society for Interventional Radiology and Minimally Invasive Therapy
(DeGIR), has been offering certicates for neuro-interventional procedures.
“Module E,” named after the ongoing series of interventional radiology treatment
elds, includes all revascularization measures both outside and inside the skull
(extra- and intracranial). These measures also include mechanical thrombectomy.
One hundred procedures must be documented for module acquisition, including at
least 30 intracranial and at least 10 extracranial interventions, preferably at a clinic
with the appropriate structure with a Stroke Unit, and at least one cooperatively
accessible neurosurgery. The prerequisite is a specialist in radiology. “Module F”
certies neurovascular embolization treatments (embolization and comparable procedures for intracranial aneurysms, embolization of intracranial and spinal vascular
malformations, other intracranial embolizations). The prerequisite is the specialized
designation in neuroradiology. In 2023, 502 colleagues had acquired Module E, and
287 had acquired Module F [6] (cf. Figs.9.2 and 9.3).
Fig. 9.2 Every year, the
German Society of
Neuroradiology awards
specialist society prizes for
outstanding scientic
achievements in the eld of
diagnostic and
interventional
neuroradiology. Our photo
shows the 2023 award
winners. (All Rights
Reserved by DGNR;
Credits: DGNR)
The DGNR’s
Fig. 9.3
innovative training formats
also include simulator
courses that simulate
interventions such as
thrombectomies as part of
the German Stroke School
at the DGNR’s annual
conference. (All Rights
Reserved by DGNR;
Credits: DGNR)
110
Fig. 9.4 Logo of “Young Neuroradiology” (JUNRAD), the junior organization of the German
Society for Neuroradiology, founded in 2020 to represent the next generation of neuroradiologists.
(All Rights Reserved by DGNR; Credits: DGNR)
P. Schramm et al.
Organizational Structures
German Neuroradiology is represented by two organizations. The German Society
for Neuroradiology e.V., founded in 1967in Mainz, currently has 1900 members,
specialists with or without a specialized designation, and doctors in training in radiology or specialized training in neuroradiology. The DGNR offers a variety of continuing education activities, from the annual neurorad with about 1000 attendees to
certication webinars and network events. Since 2020, the DGNR has had a Young
Neuroradiology organization (cf. Fig.9.4), offering many opportunities for the next
generation of the eld. The photo of the 2023 award winners highlights one such
occasion (cf. Fig.9.2). The DGNR maintains a close cooperation with the parent
company, the German Radiological Society e.V.The current president is Prof. Dr.
med. Peter Schramm www.dgnr.org.
The Professional Association of German Neuroradiologists e.V., founded in
1982in Hamburg, currently has 150 members. Membership is statutorily linked to
the specialized designation in neuroradiology. The BDNR is a full member of the
Leading Association of Specialists in Germany (SpiFa e.V.). The current president
is Prof. Dr. med. Bernd Turowski (Düsseldorf) www.bdnr.de.
Young Neuroradiology-Junge Neuroradiologie (JUNRAD)
In 2020, Young Neuroradiology was founded as a junior organization within the
specialist society. The aim is to represent the interests of the next generation of
neuroradiologists and to build a network. With many innovative training formats, its
own program at the annual neurorad conference and digital offerings, Young
Neuroradiology provides valuable impetus for the entire eld. JUNRAD currently
has 270 members.
A Look into theFuture
How will the eld develop? It is already foreseeable today that the diagnostic work
of neuroradiology will change considerably as a result of articial intelligence.
Tumor detection and staging will become the work of AI, as will the monitoring and
diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. At the same time, however, neurodegenerative
9 Neuroradiology inGermany
111
diseases will increase in industrialized nations and the monitoring of success in the
pharmacological treatment of dementia, for example, will bring additional diagnostic challenges—both qualitative and quantitative. Developments in the eld of interventional neuroradiology will also remain extremely dynamic. Many indications for
interventional therapy are associated with age, rst and foremost strokes, but also
intracranial aneurysms. The example of aneurysms is also a very good illustration
of technical developments. The introduction of the ow diverter for the treatment of
broad-based aneurysms has clearly shifted the treatment practice of these complex
vascular diseases towards interventional radiology. Chronic subdural hematomas
will also increase with age. With the embolization of the middle meningeal artery, a
further eld of treatment for neuroradiology is also developing here. German neuroradiology is well positioned to meet these challenges.
References
1. https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/themen/aerzte/aus- fort- und- weiterbildung/
aerztliche- weiterbildung/muster- weiterbildungsordnung
2. https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BAEK/Ueber_uns/Statistik/
AErztestatistik_2022_09062023.pdf
3. https://www.dgnr.org/de- DE/457/pressemitteilung- zum- tag- gegen- den- schlaganfall- 10- 05- 2023
4. https://www.dsg- info.de/stroke- units- neurovaskulaere- netzwerke/
5. https://degir.de/qualitaet/degir- qs- register/
6. https://degir.de/zertizierung/zertizierung- personen/
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
Chapter 10
History oftheIsraeli Society
forNeuroradiology 1990–2024
AyeletEran andElielBen-David
During the 1990s, there were a small number of MRI machines in Israel, limited to
large medical centers. The main focus of neuroradiology was based on CT, uoroscopy, and diagnostic angiography. MRI exams were performed for specic indications. During these years, the Israeli Society for Neuroradiology joined as a
recognized group within the Israeli Radiological Association (ISRA), with Dr.
Dorith Goldsher as the rst chairperson.
At the beginning of the new millennium, the society’s activities included internal
meetings every few months. Two international conferences were held in cooperation with the ESNR.
At the same time, more radiologists travelled for neuroradiology fellowships in
accredited programs abroad, and a neuroradiology community began to develop,
accompanied by broad neuroradiology education.
During the second decade of the 2000s, coinciding with an increase in the number of MRI machines and institutes, Prof. Chen Hofman (ISNR chair) and Prof.
Jaacob Sosna (ISRA chair) acted to open a neuroradiology fellowship program with
the support of the Ministry of Health. The rst fellow was Dr. Nina Borisovsky from
Bnei Zion Hospital, who trained at Rambam Hospital in Haifa. Since the commencement of the program, which is partially supported by the Ministry of Health,
dozens of doctors have trained in the program.
A. Eran (*)
Department of Radiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
Faculty of Medicine, Technion– Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
e-mail: a_eran@rambam.health.gov.il
E. Ben-David
Department of Radiology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
e-mail: elib@szmc.org
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_10
113© The Author(s) 2026
114
A. Eran and E. Ben-David
Before the outbreak of COVID, Prof. Ilan Shelef was appointed chairman of
ISNR. During the years of the pandemic, online meetings were held every few
months, and they continue to this day.
Today, the chairperson and secretary of the society are Dr. Ayelet Eran and Dr.
Eli Ben-David, respectively. Dozens of Israeli society members are also members of
different societies in Europe and North America.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
Chapter 11
History ofItalian Neuroradiology,
1990–2023
GiuseppeScotti
The strength of today’s Italian neuroradiology has its roots and foundations in the
vision, determination, intelligence, and knowledge of the pioneers who promoted
its birth and growth in the twentieth century.
The names of Lombardi, Passerini, Ruggiero, Calabrò, Galligioni, Smaltino,
Benati, Nori, Bernasconi, Dettori, and Sicuro—just to mention a few, will remain
forever as pioneers and leaders of the rst generation who built the solid foundations of our discipline.
After this rst wave, which characterized the modern development of the discipline from 1945 to 1970, a second wave appeared from the 1970s and beyond. The
list is very long, but to mention a few: Raffaele Elefante, Giuseppe Scialfa, Ugo
Salvolini, Luigi Bozzao, Mario Savoiardo, Marco Leonardi, Sossio Cirillo,
Giancarlo dal Pozzo, Cesare Colosimo, Dodi Boccardi, Massimo Gallucci,
Vincenzo Branca, Alberto Beltramello, Carla Carollo, Antonietta Vaghi, Tortori
Donati, Boris Bradac, Frieda Valsecchi, Giorgio Belloni, Giuseppe Bonaldi. The
names of the third wave of brilliant and determined leaders of the present generation, those representing Italian neuroradiology in 2023 and beyond, will be found
in the following paragraphs dealing with academic careers, hospital departments,
organization of meetings, congresses, refresher courses, research projects, and scientic papers.
The history of Italian neuroradiology and that of its relevant personalities before
1990 may be found in the dedicated chapters of the following books:
Before 1990: A Short Summary of the “Past”.
G. Scotti (*)
Centro Diagnostico Italiano (CDI), Milan, Italy
Università Vita Salute e Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_11
115© The Author(s) 2026