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Part I
A History of World Neuroradiology
Chapter 1
A Brief History oftheSymposium
Neuroradiologicum
PaulM.Parizel
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which taken with the ood,
Leads on to fortune …
We must take the current when it serves,
Or lose our ventures.
—Shakespeare, Julius Caesar IV, iii
Since their inception, SNR meetings have served as the rallying point for active
researchers, innovators, and clinicians in neuroradiology from across the entire
world, providing them with an international stage to compare the results of their
investigations and openly exchange ideas and opinions in a positive and friendly
atmosphere that encourages scientic inquiry. The Latin-sounding name,
“Symposium Neuroradiologicum,” was coined to indicate that this scientic meet-
ing, to be held once every 4years, should have a different character as compared
with the (annual) meetings of national and (supra)regional neuroradiological
societies.
SNR meetings serve as an open-access platform for neuroradiologists with
diverse backgrounds and wide-ranging areas of interest to present their research,
freely exchange ideas and concepts, and engage in fruitful discussions with colleagues from across the world. As Dr. Erik Lindgren wrote in a comment to the
publication of the proceedings in Acta Radiologica (1953, vol 40, pp. 85–87):
These meetings should be symposia, and not congresses, that is, that every speaker
must have the time he/she desires at his/her disposal. The word ‘symposium’ may
P. M. Parizel (*)
Royal Perth Hospital (RPH), Perth, WA, Australia
University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
National Imaging Facility (NIF), St Lucia, QLD, Australia
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR),
Sydney, NSW, Australia
University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_1
3© The Author(s) 2026
4
P. M. Parizel
also be taken to imply that each lecture will be delivered with the aim of stimulating exchanges of views, and therefore be regarded as an introduction to a discussion. Almost 40years later, in 1992, in Stockholm, the presidents reconrmed the
vision that The meeting should be wholly devoted to the presentation and full discussion of scientic matter. … On the other hand, courses for trainees and didactic
lectures do not form part of the essential central purpose of such a symposium. …
It should also be noted that good science is not conned to the more developed
countries.
Given the spectacular growth of neuroradiology, it has become increasingly
difcult to comply with these noble goals. Progressively, SNR meetings have
attracted greater numbers of neuroradiologists, from all over the world. Despite
the ambition to keep the SNR a scientic meeting of neuroscientists, favouring
“cutting-edge research,” many younger neuroradiologists are also interested in
teaching and education. In recent times, SNR meetings have aspired to serve as a
platform to innovation and research, while at the same time offering high-level
medical education.
Table 1.1 provides a chronological overview of the SNR, listing years, locations
(host cities), and Roman numeral references, from 1939 until 2030.
Table 1.1 Chronological
overview of the SNR
1939 Antwerp/BE I
1949 Rotterdam/NL II
1952 Stockholm/SE III
1955 London/UK IV
1957 Brussels/BE V
1961 Rome/IT VI
1964 New York City/US VII
1967 Paris/FR VIII
1970 Gothenburg/SE IX
1974 Punta del Este/UY X
1978 Wiesbaden/DE XI
1982 Washington DC/US XII
1986 Stockholm/SE XIII
1990 London/GB XIV
1994 Kumamoto/JP XV
1998 Philadelphia/US XVI
2002 Paris/FR XVII
2006 Adelaide/AU XVIII
2010 Bologna/IT XIX
2014 Turkey/TR XX
2018 Taipei/TW XXI
2022 New York City/US XXII
2026 London/UK XXIII
2030 Sapporo/JP XXIV
1 A Brief History oftheSymposium Neuroradiologicum
Acknowledgement ofBibliographic Sources
In the preparation of this text, I am indebted to several eminent neuroradiologists
who have made signicant contributions to the history of neuroradiology:
• In 1967 A Short History of Neuroradiology was published by Profs. Herman
Fischgold & James Bull, on occasion of the VIIIth Symposium
Neuroradiologicum which was held in Paris, in September 1967. Unfortunately,
I never had access to this original source, but it is referred to by other authors.
• In 1989, Prof. Emmanuel Alain Cabanis, together with Dr Marie-Thérèse Iba-
Zizen Cabanis, edited a seminal book with the bilingual title Contribution à
l’histoire de la Neuroradiologie Européenne/Contribution to the history of
European Neuroradiology. In 1989, Emmanuel Cabanis was the president of the
XVIth Congress of the European Society of Neuroradiology in Paris, 2–6 July
1989; a printed copy of the book was offered to all delegates, as part of their regis-
tration. The book was published by Éditions Pradel (Paris, France, 1989) and con-
tained photocopies of many original documents, papers, articles, interviews, etc.
• In 1994, a second edition of the book was produced and published by Éditions
Vigot, Paris. The project was nancially supported by Laboratoire Guerbet, the
leading French manufacturer of contrast media. The subtitle of this book was
“ESNR 1969–1994” and it was published to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the
European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR). The second edition was presented
to the participants of the XXth Congress of the European Society of
Neuroradiology in Nancy (France), 14–18 June 1994. As for the previous edi-
tion, the editors of the book were listed Emmanuel Alain & Marie-Thérèse
Cabanis.
• In 2002, A History of Neuroradiology (1895–2002) was published on the occa-
sion of the XVIIth Symposium Neuroradiologicum, which was held in Paris,
France, August 18–24, 2002. This was essentially a 3rd edition of the previous
works. The editors were: Emmanuel Alain Cabanis, Marie-Thérèse Iba-
Zizen Cabanis, and Luc Picard (who was the president of the XVIIth SNR),
and the copyright belonged to the Symposium Neuroradiologicum. For this book,
I could nd the following information: ISBN: 9782913628113, 2913628117;
OCLC Number/Unique Identier: 496562157; 368 pages; 30cm format.
5
1939—The Ist SNR—Antwerp (Belgium)— Rudolph Thienpondt
The rst-ever Symposium Neuroradiologicum was a 5-day meeting that took place
in Antwerp, Belgium from Monday 24th to Friday 28th July 1939. In fact, this rst
meeting was called Conférences et Travaux Pratiques de Radiologie Crânienne. It
was only during the second Symposium Neuroradiologicum in Rotterdam, in 1949,
that the Antwerp meeting was retrospectively labelled as the rst SNR.
6
This rst meeting was organised by Dr. Rudolph Thienpondt, a Belgian oto- rhinolaryngologist and ophthalmologist, who had trained in Germany and England, and who
had started practising in Antwerp in 1927. Dr. Thienpondt had established himself as
an expert in radiology of the temporal bone. The co-chair of this rst meeting was Dr.
Clément Sylvain Chaussé, a famous otoradiologist from Paris who had invented the
technique of stereo-radiography of the temporal bone. Dr. Chaussé could not arrange
for the meeting to be held in Paris, so it was moved to Antwerp, Belgium. The event
was announced in the journal La Presse Médicale on 26 April 1939.
The meeting took place in the Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine
(ITM) in Antwerp, Belgium, which was founded in 1906 by King Leopold II as a
School for Tropical Diseases. It quickly evolved into a global centre for research and
education in tropical medicine. In 1933, it moved into a newly commissioned building
in Art Deco style in Antwerp. This architecturally beautiful and visually striking edice
was very much a state-of-the art ‘modern’ venue at the time of the meeting in 1939.
The Conférences et Travaux Pratiques de Radiologie Crânienne meeting 24–28
July 1939, Antwerp was attended by roughly 50 delegates. The registration fee was 300
Belgian Francs, for the morning lectures (“conférences”) and for the afternoon work-
shops (“travaux pratiques”). Sponsorship was obtained from two industry partners:
• Société Gevaert (now part of Agfa)
• Compagnie Générale de Radiologie (CGR, now part of GE Healthcare)
A group photograph was taken on the steps in front of the main building of the
Institute of Tropical Medicine. The 21 lectures and the practical demonstrations
were mainly devoted to otoradiology. Lectures were held during the morning sessions, while the practical demonstrations took place in the afternoons. Interestingly,
the two organisers, Dr. Thienpondt and Dr. Chaussé, were oto-rhino-laryngologists.
Of the 13 speakers, there were ve radiologists: Bertolotti, Tieschendorf, Lysholm,
Schüller, and Ziedses des Plantes. Of the 21 papers and demonstrations, only two
were concerned with contrast radiology:
P. M. Parizel
• Ventriculography (by prof. Lysholm from Stockholm, Sweden)
• Cerebral arteriography (by prof. Dyes from Würzburg, Germany)
Prof. Ziedses des Plantes discussed the principles of both tomography and
subtraction.
Many of the participants would not survive the Second World War, which started
shortly after the meeting.
1949—The IInd SNR—Rotterdam—Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes
In 1949, under the presidency of Prof. Dr. Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes,
Rotterdam hosted the rst SNR after the Second World War (WW2). Dutch-born
Dr. Ziedses des Plantes (1902–1993) trained in Utrecht, the Netherlands, as a
1 A Brief History oftheSymposium Neuroradiologicum
7
specialist in nervous system diseases, but his lifelong passion was to improve X-ray
imaging of living tissues. He was a pioneer in the practical implementation of plain
lm tomography (1931), also known as planigraphy, in which the X-ray tube and
the lm moved together around the plane of interest. In 1934, he designed a subtraction (1934) method to improve image quality after injection of contrast agents.
Eventually he essentially became a full-time radiologist. He had attended the 1939
meeting in Antwerp.
At this point, it is useful to provide some background information regarding the
historical setting of this ‘second’ SNR, which took place 4years later the end of
WW2. The city of Rotterdam had been subjected to heavy aerial bombardment during the German invasion of the Netherlands, given its strategic location and the
economic importance of its harbour. During the bombardment of 14 May 1940, the
entire historic city centre had been destroyed, and after the end of the hostilities, the
city needed to be completely rebuilt. Amidst the difcult early post-WW2 years, the
SNR served as a beacon of scientic collaboration and intellectual exchange, fostering advancements in diagnostic imaging techniques. The rst post-war SNR provided a platform for the dissemination of new discoveries, thereby reshaping the
future direction of neuroradiology. In a spirit of camaraderie among participants,
lasting professional connections and friendships were crafted. As the curtains closed
on the symposium, its legacy endured, leaving an indelible mark on the landscape
of neuroradiology.
At the Rotterdam meeting, Prof. Schüller was elected as honorary president (in
absentia) of the second Symposium Neuroradiologicum. Prof. Schüller was a prolic writer and authored or co-authored more than 300 publications covering not
only radiology of the skull but also various aspects of neurology, surgery, and psychiatry. Because of his Jewish background, at the age of 65, he had been forced to
leave the Vienna University School of Medicine in 1938 and would spend the later
years of his life in Melbourne, Australia, where he continued to work at St Vincent’s
Hospital.
1952—The IIIrd SNR—Stockholm (Sweden)—Erik Lindgren
The 1952 SNR took place under the presidency of Prof. Dr. Erik Lindgren, a pioneer
in cerebral angiography, pneumoencephalography, and gas myelography. Erik
Lindgren had been appointed as Professor of Roentgen Diagnostics with
Neuroradiology at the Karolinska Institute. In 1949, he had succeeded his famous
predecessor, Professor Erik Lysholm, who was a pioneering neuroradiologist in
Sweden, serving as the head of the Department of Neuroradiology at the Seraphimer
Hospital (Seramerlasarettet) and the Karolinska Institute (Karolinska
Universitetssjukhuset) during the 1930s and 1940s.
Stockholm proved to be an excellent venue for an international meeting in the
early 1950s. As one of very few countries in Europe, Sweden had remained neutral
throughout the Second World War, and the city of Stockholm was untouched. The
8
country was undergoing a period of social and economic transformation, and the
capital Stockholm was at the forefront of these changes. It was a vibrant and
dynamic city, with a reputation for its thriving cultural activities, with theatres, galleries, and concert halls attracting both local and international talent.
Under the dynamic leadership of Prof. Lindgren, neuroradiology became recognised as a specialty. This heralded the beginning of a golden age for Swedish
neuroradiology. Under Lindgren’s guidance, Seraphimer Hospital became the
“Mecca of Neuroradiology.” The Seraphimer School of Neuroradiology was a
world- leading radiologic institution and attracted talent from around the globe.
Prof. Lindgren had a huge inuence on neuroradiology, and he trained an entire
generation of neuroradiologists. No fewer than 6 of his pupils were to become
presidents of the SNR in the ensuing decades. They were Giovanni Ruggiero
(SNR President in 1961), Ingmar Wickbom (SNR President in 1970), Néstor
Azambuja (SNR President in 1974), Sigurd Wende (SNR President in 1978),
Giovanni di Chiro (SNR President in 1982), and Torgny Greitz (SNR President in
1986). The disciples of the Swedish neuroradiology school would go on to lead
and dene the specialty in the coming decades.
P. M. Parizel
1955—The IVth SNR—London (UK)—James William Douglas Bull
At the age of 44, Prof. Dr. James Bull became the president of the IVth SNR, which
was held in London in 1955. It took place at the University of London, Mallett Street
campus, London, W.C.1 from 13th to 17th September 1955. A scientic exhibition,
open throughout the week to all members of the Symposium, was held in the Institute
of Education at the University of London. Participants were informed that there was
to be an exhibition of specialised X-ray apparatus and of surgical instruments, pharmaceutical preparations, photographic materials, and protective clothing.
Prof. Dr. James Bull specialised in radiology. Thanks to a Rockefeller travel fellowship, he had travelled to Sweden in 1938 to study the new techniques of neuroradiology under Prof. Erik Lysholm at the Seraphimer Hospital (Seramerlasarettet)
in Stockholm. Shortly after the Second World War broke out, he was posted to
Singapore. With the fall of Singapore, he spent three and a half difcult, starving
years as a prisoner of war (POW) in the Changi POW camp. Shortly after WW2, he
returned to Stockholm where Prof. Erik Lindgren had meanwhile taken over as
chair at the Karolinska Hospital, developing the techniques of percutaneous angiography and pneumoencephalography. After his return to the United Kingdom, in
1946, James Bull was appointed at the Atkinson Morley Hospital as a neuroradiologist. In 1947, he joined the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square.
There, Prof. James Bull introduced technique of percutaneous angiography, which
he brought back with him from Sweden. His energy, determination and ability in
negotiation and persuasion were instrumental in the introduction of the advancement of neuroradiology.
1 A Brief History oftheSymposium Neuroradiologicum
Prof. James Bull served for many years as the Director of the Lysholm Department
of Neuroradiology at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen
Square. The department was named in honour of Prof. Erik Lysholm, his friend and
Swedish mentor. Prof. James Bull trained many neuroradiologists of the next generation; many of those who had spent time at Queen Square would rise to positions
of prominence in North America.
9
1957—The Vth SNR—Brussels (BE)—Donald Lane McRae
The Vth Symposium Neuroradiologicum in Brussels in 1957 SNR was organised
under the presidency of Prof. Donald L.McRae, a prominent Canadian neuroradiologist from the Montréal Neurological Institute who is considered the “father of
Canadian neuroradiology.” This Vth SNR in Brussels was most unusual for two
reasons. Firstly, while all other symposium presidents before and ever since have
chosen to hold the meeting in their country of origin, Prof. McRae opted to have the
meeting in Belgium, jointly with the World Congress of Neurology. Secondly,
throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the symposia were always held at three-year intervals. The 1957 symposium in Brussels, which followed that in London in 1955, was
an exception to that rule.
Prof. Donald McRae had served as a radiologist in the Royal Canadian Navy
during WW2, from 1942 to 1945. After the war, he was appointed radiologist-inchief in Montréal at the children’s Memorial Hospital, and the Montréal Neurological
Institute. Towards the later part of his career, he served as Professor of Radiology at
University of Toronto from 1967 to 1978. To this day, Donald McRae is affectionately considered as the “Dean” or the “Father of Neuroradiology” in Canada. He
made great contributions in the study of pneumoencephalography, radionuclide
brain scanning, as well in describing abnormalities of the cervical spine and craniocervical junction. To this day, we teach our trainees that the McRae line is a radiographic line drawn on a lateral view that connects the anterior and posterior margins
of the foramen magnum (basion to opisthion). It is used to detect the presence of
basilar invagination (atlantoaxial impaction) and to determine the position of the
cerebellar tonsils relative to the foramen magnum.
1961—The VIth SNR—Rome (IT)—Giovanni Ruggiero
In 1961, Professor Giovanni Ruggiero received the honour to organise and chair the
VIth SNR in Rome, Italy. The meeting was announced in the journal Radiology.
The president, Prof. Ruggiero, genuinely embraced the idea of a united Europe.
After having worked for some time in Stockholm, Sweden, he moved to Paris,
France (where he was and still is considered one of the founders of French neuroradiology). Eventually, he would return to Italy, where he was appointed director of
10
the Department of Neurosurgical Diagnosis at the Bellaria Hospital in Bologna,
which included an inpatient ward.
Prof. Ruggiero was a visionary but demanding chief. He only accepted pupils
with a documented neurological culture who were able to accept and treat their
patients, while working within a team framework. Prof. Ruggiero was a man of
contrasts: he was a great enthusiast, supportive of new ideas, but he was also known
to be highly critical, and he could be very tough with his trainees. He has been the
driving force and guide for Italian neuroradiologists (AJNR 17:721–730, Apr 1996
0195–6108/96/1704–0721).
In retrospect, the VIth SNR in Rome may well be considered the rst truly modern international neuroradiology meeting with participants from all over the world.
Neuroradiologists learned about the great progress in this specialty being made,
especially in Europe, but also in North America. A plethora of papers were read by
such illustrious neuroradiology giants as Chase, Leeds, Taveras, Potts, Pribram,
LeMay, Hanafee, Newton, McRae, and Di Chiro. For all those who attended the
symposium, it was obvious that a quantum leap had been made. The VIth SNR
made it clear that neuroradiology needed to be considered a separate science, at the
crossroads between radiology and neurology; this meeting marked the birth of modern neuroradiology in Italy.
P. M. Parizel
1964—The VIIth SNR—New York City/USA—Juan Manuel Taveras
The presidency of the VIIth Symposium Neuroradiologicum, to be held in NewYork
City, was awarded to Prof. Dr. Juan Manuel Taveras, who had been appointed following the previous SNR meeting in Rome. Prof. Taveras was a leading gure in
neuroradiology, and at the time, he was the Director of Neuroradiology at the
Neurological Institute of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in NewYork City.
The VIIth SNR was held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in NewYork City, from 20 to
25 September 1964. This marked the rst time the SNR was to be held in North
America, a historic event, and a recognition of the rapidly growing role of the New
World in neuroradiology.
Prof. Juan M.Taveras (1919–2002) is widely regarded as the father of neuroradiology. His stellar international reputation was linked to his role as a founder of the
American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR) where he served for several years as
president. He also founded the American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) of
which he was the founding editor for many years. Based on their work at the
Neurological Institute of NewYork City’s Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
in 1960, Juan M.Taveras and Ernest Wood published an encyclopaedic 2-volume
textbook, titled Diagnostic Neuroradiology, which was to remain the go-to refer-
ence for the next decades. The book focused on the emerging techniques in neuroradiology such as neuroangiography, pneumoencephalography, and myelography.
1 A Brief History oftheSymposium Neuroradiologicum
11
In the mid-1980s, when I served as a Clinical Fellow in Neuroradiology at the
Massachusetts General Hospital and Research Fellow at Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, I had the good fortune of getting to know Prof. Taveras personally. At
that time, he was Radiologist-in-Chief at the Massachusetts General Hospital and
Professor at Harvard Medical School. He took a very keen interest in the work of the
neuroradiology fellows. Prof. Taveras and his wife invited me to his home, and I
distinctly remember him asking me if I was aware that the very rst SNR had been
held in my hometown, Antwerp. I remember him as a great role model, and an
exemplary leader for neuroradiology.
1967—The VIIIth SNR—Paris/FR—Hermann Fischgold
The VIIIth SNR was held in Paris at the UNESCO Building from 25 to 30 September
1967. The president was Prof. Herman Fischgold (1899–1982), who served as
Professor of Neuroradiology at the CHU Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière,
from 1963 to 1969.
Prof. Fischgold was a prolic researcher and writer, and has been called the
founder, thinker, and organiser of French neuroradiology. He had received his early
medical training in Bucharest where he was awarded his medical degree in 1925. In
the setting of a cultural exchange between France and Romania, he travelled to
Paris. In 1946, he became “Assistant des Hôpitaux de Paris,” in 1947
“Electroradiologiste des Hôpitaux” and nally, chief of the department of EEG and
neuroradiology at La Pitié Hospital in 1956. In 1962, Prof. Fischgold became chairman of radiology; he retired in 1970.
His enthusiasm led him to organise courses, seminars, and congresses, to write
books and monographs, and to serve as an editor of Traité de Radiodiagnostic,
which is the materialisation of his knowledge in general radiology. He was also
elected president of the International Symposium of Neuroradiology in Paris in
1967. His main scientic contributions to neuroradiology concern the base of
the skull and the cervico-occipital region and their relationships with the cranial nerves, radio-anatomy, direct magnication, subtraction, radio-ophthalmology and otology, forensic radiology, and microradiography. On the occasion of
the VIIIth SNR, a medallion was coined (reproduced in: Lev MH, Gadde JA,
Wiggins RH.A Brief History of Neuroradiology and the 60th Anniversary of
the ASNR: “Through the Decades with ASNR.” AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2022
Dec;43(12):E54–E59). The obverse of the medallion shows individuals con-
sidered to be pivotal in the development of neuroradiology (Schüller, Dandy,
Lysholm, Sicard, Moniz); the reverse lists the locations and dates of previous
meetings (Anvers (sic) 1939; Rotterdam 1949; Stockholm 1952; Londres (sic)
1955; Bruxelles 1957; Rome 1961; New-York 1964; Paris 1967).