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Stories from Across the World of Neuroradiology
When you tell a story, you spark a connection. This is the power of storytelling.
–Jay O’Callaghan
The World Federation of Neuroradiological Societies (WFNRS) was established
in 1994 by the great visionary Derek Harwood Nash to promote international collaboration and global development in our chosen eld of Neuroradiology. This year
marks the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Federation. As part of this anniversary, we are pleased to present a history of Neuroradiology over the last 30years,
as seen through the stories told by our member Societies and Associations.
The Federation is a dynamic network of nearly 50 Neuroradiology Societies and
Associations from across the world, representing Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle
East, North America, Oceania, and South America. The Federation provides a platform on which our member Societies and Associations can share their experience
and stories, and in doing so, the Federation aspires to promote mutual understanding and respect. The rapid development of digital communications over the last few
years have revolutionized how we interact and engage internationally, and has made
global connectivity a reality. Professor Nash can only have dreamed of the connectivity and connectedness that have become so central and ubiquitous to our personal
and professional lives.
It is this ease of connection and our human drive to engage that has made partnerships and collaborations between geographically disparate places a day-to-day reality. The revolution in connectedness brings us together in a way that was
unimaginable 30years ago, and creates an extraordinary mix of inspiration and
energy that makes the network such an exciting, catalytic “world city.”
As part of the Federation’s aspiration to continue to be as modern, impactful, and
meaningful as possible, we see this compilation as an important part of the process
of networking through deepening of mutual understanding across countries and
continents.
This compilation of stories highlights and extols the extraordinary contributions
made to International Neuroradiology by individual Neuroradiology Societies and
Associations across the globe. Each Society has traveled its own path, and each has
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Stories from Across the World of Neuroradiology
its own unique and special story to tell, with its own integral dynamism, energy, and
direction. We are dened by our history and by our geography, and by bringing
together the stories from our member Societies across the world, not only can we
celebrate the past, but we can understand the present and plan for the future. The
increasing dynamic toward collaboration across countries and continents can only
be strengthened by such an understanding of each other’s perspectives. This compilation is a celebration not only of what we share in common but also of what makes
our individual journeys all so unique.
An important theme that becomes very apparent is the extraordinary contribution
to progress, education, and training that has been provided by women in our speciality. It is fair to say that as the last 30years have evolved women have taken the lead
in the forward development of Neuroradiology across the world, with very many
inspirational gures and stories. This compilation recognizes and reects this, and
we are proud to present additional chapters that highlight the pioneering roles
played by women in Neuroradiology around the world.
This compendium also includes a review of the keynote conference of the
Federation, the Symposium Neuroradiologicum, the 4-yearly coming together of
Neuroradiology Associations from around the world. This review of the previous
Symposia is a remarkable record of aspiration, effort, and educational excellence,
all for the benet of International Neuroradiology, and is a testament to the tremendous contributions made by Neuroradiologists from around the world. This encapsulates the goals of the Federation in providing connectivity, excellence in education,
and togetherness in our chosen eld.
We are enormously indebted to our member Societies and Associations for their
contributions to this compilation. Each chapter tells its own wonderful story, and
brings a different color to the rainbow that is International Neuroradiology.
I also wish to commend to you Professor Wan-Yuo Guo, President of WFNRS.He
has been the inspiration behind this book. Without his vision, enthusiasm, drive, and
boundless energy, this compilation would not have come to fruition.
On behalf of Professor Wan-Yuo Guo and the WFNRS Executive Committee, I
thank the individual authors for their time, commitment, and thoughtfulness in making this volume possible.
We hope that the stories that are contained within this volume will become an
important step in strengthening the bridges between us.
Individually, we are one drop. Together, we are an ocean. –Ryunosike Satoro
World Federation of Neuroradiological Societies DanielBirchall
Oak Brook, IL, USA
Contents
Part I A History of World Neuroradiology
1 A Brief History of the Symposium Neuroradiologicum . . . . . . . . . . 3
Paul M. Parizel
Acknowledgement of Bibliographic Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1939—The Ist SNR—Antwerp (Belgium)—Rudolph Thienpondt . . . . 5
1949—The IInd SNR—Rotterdam—Bernard George Ziedses des
Plantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1952—The IIIrd SNR—Stockholm (Sweden)—Erik Lindgren . . . . . . . 7
1955—The IVth SNR—London (UK)—James William Douglas Bull . 8
1957—The Vth SNR—Brussels (BE)—Donald Lane McRae . . . . . . . . 9
1961—The VIth SNR—Rome (IT)—Giovanni Ruggiero . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1964—The VIIth SNR—New York City/USA—Juan Manuel Taveras . 10
1967—The VIIIth SNR—Paris/FR—Hermann Fischgold . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1970—The IXth SNR—Göteborg/SE—Ingmar Wickbom . . . . . . . . . . 12
1974—The Xth SNR—Punta del Este/UY—Néstor Azambuja . . . . . . . 12
1978—The XIth SNR—Wiesbaden/DE—Sigurd Wende . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1982—The XIIth SNR—Washington DC/US—Giovanni Di Chiro . . . 14
1986—The XIIIth SNR—Stockholm/SE—Torgny Greitz . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1990—The XIVth SNR—London—Edward Philip George
Houssemayne du Boulay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1994—The XVth SNR—Kumamoto/JP—Mutsumasa Takahashi . . . . . 16
1998—The XVIth SNR—Philadelphia/PA, USA—Sadek Kamel Hilal 17
2002—The XVIIth SNR—Paris/FR—Luc Picard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2006—The XVIIIth SNR—Adelaide/AUS—Michael R. Sage . . . . . . . 18
2010—The XIXth SNR—Bologna/ITA—Marco Leonardi . . . . . . . . . . 19
2014—The XXth SNR—Istanbul/TR—E. Turgut Tali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2018—The XXIst SNR—Taipei/TWN—Wan-Yuo Guo . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2022—The XXIInd SNR—New York City/NY, USA—Mauricio
Castillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2026—The XXIIIrd SNR—London—Tarek Yousry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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2026—The XXIVth SNR—Sapporo—Prof. Kohsuke Kudo
and Prof. Minako Azuma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 Purpose-Driven Mission: A History of the American Society
of Neuroradiology (ASNR): 1990–2024. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Jonathan D. Clemente
Preamble: 1962 to 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ASNR Strategic Goals and Initiatives Since 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Practice/Advocacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Education/Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ASNR Physician Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
ASNR Executive Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
ASNR Committee Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Evolution of the ASNR Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Appendix: Past Presidents of the American Society of Neuroradiology . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3 Asian-Oceanian Society of Neuroradiology and Head
& Neck Radiology: The Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Francis Hui and C. C. Tchoyoson Lim
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Founding of the AOSNHNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
World Wide Web Presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
The Future and Challenges Facing Neuroradiology and AOSNHNR. . . 57
Challenges in the Asian-Oceanian Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Contents
4 Australian and New Zealand Society of Neuroradiology
(ANZSNR) 1990 to Present Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Makhan S. Khangure
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
The Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Post 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Society Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Current Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Contents
5 Austrian Society of Neuroradiology (Österreichische Gesellschaft
für Neuroradiologie—ÖGNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Elke R. Gizewski, Hannes Deutschmann, Gregor Kasprian,
Julia Furtner, Michael Sonnberger, and Johannes Trenkler
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Annual Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Current Situation of Neuroradiology in Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Academia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6 Recent History of the Brazilian Society of Diagnostic
and Therapeutic Neuroradiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Carlos Clayton Macêdo de Freitas, Claudio C. V. Staut,
Francisco Mont’Alverne, Felipe T. Pacheco,
Carlos Batista Alves de Souza Filho, Carlos Michel A. Peres,
Christiane M. S. Campos, Eric Homero Albuquerque Paschoal,
Eduardo Floriani Raupp, Gelson Luis Koppe,
José Guilherme Caldas, Maria de Fátima Viana Vasco Aragao,
Michel Eli Frudit, Pedro S. C. Magalhães, Raquel Trovo Hidalgo,
Ricardo Abkalaf, and Rogério Zenóbio Darwich
The Dawn of a New Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
The Recent History (2018 Until Now) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
SBNR’S Partnership with Other Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Advancements and Collaborations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Future Challenges for Interventional Neuroradiology in Brazil . . . . . . . 88
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
xvii
7 A History of the British Neuroradiology from the Perspective
of British Society of Neuroradiologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Christopher Rowland-Hill and Dipayan Mitra
Early Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Year 2000 Onwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Academic Subcommittee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Standards Subcommittee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Training and Education Subcommittee (TESC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
BSNR Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Online Presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8 World History of Neuroradiology: Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Dijana Zadravec, Mia Smoljan Basuga, and Matea Prenc
xviii
Contents
9 Neuroradiology in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Peter Schramm, Ansgar Berlis, and Florian Schneider
Scope of Work: Diagnosis and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Organizational Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
10 History of the Israeli Society for Neuroradiology 1990–2024 . . . . . . 113
Ayelet Eran and Eliel Ben-David
11 History of Italian Neuroradiology, 1990–2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Giuseppe Scotti
AINR: Associazione Italiana di Neuroradiologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Congresses, Meetings, and Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Hospital Departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Neuroradiology Departments 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Academic Positions, Teaching, and Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
International Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Italian Neuroradiologists Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Lost Colleagues 1990–2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
National Congresses (Before 1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
National Congresses After 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Pediatric Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Honorary Members and Gold Metal Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Presidents or Board Members of the International Societies
of Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
12 Japanese Society of Neuroradiology (JSNR): 1990 to The Present . . 127
Yukio Miki
Membership Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Legal Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Standing Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Kato Prize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Foreign Honorary Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Hosting the Symposium Neuroradiologicum (SNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Ofcial Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
13 A Brief History of Neuroradiology in South Korea:
From a Small Beginning to an Ever-Growing Leading Role . . . . . . . 131
Hye Jin Baek, Ji-hoon Kim, and Won-Jin Moon
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Contents
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History of Neuroradiology in South Korea Centered
on the Korean Society of Neuroradiology (KSNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
14 Neuroradiology in Norway; The Last 25 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Per Hjalmar Nakstad
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
15 A Brief History of Portuguese Neuroradiology: The Last 30 Years . . 147
Rui Manaças, Luísa Biscoito, Inês Carreiro, and Ana Mafalda Reis
16 SILAN Society: History and International Impact 1988–2024 . . . . . 157
Ramón E. Figueroa
17 History of South African Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Clive Wyndham Sperryn, Sally Candy, Ebrahim Kader,
Andre MacDonald, Duncan David Royston, Victor Mngomezulu,
Coert de Vries, Shalendra Kumar Misser, Leon Janse van Rensburg,
and Linda Tebogo Hlabangana
The Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
The Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Diagnostic Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Paediatric Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Several South African Radiologists Have Made an International
Name in Paediatric Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Neuro-intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Academic Support and Continuing Medical Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
18 The History of Swiss Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Karl-Olof Lövblad, Isabel Wanke, Luca Remonda,
and Daniel Rüfenacht
The Swiss Society for Neuroradiology (SGNR/SSNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Before the Swiss Society of Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Neuroradiology in the Various Institutions and Cantons . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Swiss Title in Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Neuroradiology and Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
19 The Neuroradiological Society of Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chao-Bao Luo, Wan-Yuo Guo, and Michael Mu-Huo Teng
The Asian-Australasian Federation of Interventional
and Therapeutic Neuroradiology (AAFITN 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
XXI SNR in Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
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Contents
20 Neuroradiology in Türkiye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
E. Turgut Tali
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
21 History of the Swedish Society of Neuroradiology
and Swedish Neuroradiology 1990–2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Isabella M. Björkman-Burtscher, Ida Blystad, Tobias Granberg,
and Pia Maly Sundgren
The Swedish Society of Neuroradiology, SSNR (Svensk Förening
för Neuroradiologi, SFNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Part II Women in Neuroradiology
22 Women in Neuroradiology in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Clive Wyndham Sperryn, Napo Kasirye-Mbugua, Sally E. Candy,
Sahar Saleem, Amal Saleh Nour, Hasatu Gbadamosi, Sheila Waa,
Phyllis Mezue, Hamdi Mohamed Isse, Thandi Eunice Buthelezi,
Gopolang Mndebele, Ugumba Mussa Kwikima, Valeria Nabossa,
Rita Nassanga, and Sarah B. Nshimbi
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
23 History of Women in Neuroradiology in Asia Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Kumiko Ando, Patrcia Desmond, Lou Xin, Christina Andica,
Sri Andreani Utomo, Mohit Agarwal, Won-Jin Moon,
Norlisah Mohd Ramli, Ling Ling Chan, Chao-Bao Luo,
Nitaya Suwanwela, Laetitia de Villiers, Lee-Anne Slater,
Lesley Cala, and Patricia Desmond
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Women in Neuroradiology and Neurointervention in Australia . . . . . . . 267
Women in Neuroradiology and Neurointervention in China . . . . . . . . . 272
Women in Neuroradiology in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
History of Women Neuroradiologists in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
History of Woman in Neuroradiology in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Pioneers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Promising Talents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Contents
History of Women Neuroradiologists In Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Women in Radiology and Neuroradiology in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Women In Radiology and Neuroradiology in Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Women in Neuroradiology in Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Women in Neuroradiology in Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Women In Neuroradiology and Neurointervention in Thailand . . . . . . . 345
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
24 Women’s Contribution to the World History of Neuroradiology:
Europa Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
María Isabel Vargas, Soe Van Cauter, Zulejha Merhemic,
Primarius Martina Špero, Jennifer Linn, Chiara Zini,
Nicoletta Emanuela Anzalone, Anna Zimny, Marta Drake-Perez,
Pia C. Sundgren, Kees J. Simon, Frans W. Zonneveld, Aysenur Cila,
and Isil Saatci
Women in Neuroradiology: Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Women in Neuroradiology: Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Women in Neuroradiology: Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Women in Neuroradiology: Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Women in Neuroradiology: Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Women in Neuroradiology: Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
The Role of Women in Spanish Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Women in Neuroradiology: Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Women in Neuroradiology: Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Women in Neuroradiology: The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Women in Neuroradiology: Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
xxi
25 The History of Women in Neuroradiology in Latin America . . . . . . 419
Maria de Fátima Viana Vasco Aragao, Carolina Tramontini,
Katiuzka Casares, Jose Alejandro Bacalla, Carolina Mejias Soto,
Carlos Rugilo, Eduardo Gonzalez, Carolina Servin, Janeth Bu,
Valeria Schoenstedit, Maria Honrado, and Jorge Boschi
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Brazil
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
History of Women Neuroradiologists in the Dominican Republic . . . . . 446
History of Women Neuroradiologists in Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
xxii
26 The History of Women in Neuroradiology in North America
from 1990 to the Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Anne
G. Osborn, Patricia Rhyner, Carolyn C. Meltzer,
Pamela W. Schaefer, Laurie A. Loevner, Pina C. Sanelli,
Tina Young Poussaint, Erin Simon Schwartz, Yvonne W. Lui,
Yoshimi Anzai, Donatella Tampieri, Wendy Smoker, Vijay Rao,
Michelle Michel, Deborah Shatzkes, Nancy Fischbein,
Kristine Mosier, Christine Glastonbury, Jody Tanabe, Jill Hunter,
Caroline Robson, Susan Palasis, V. Michelle Silvera,
Judy Donovan Post, Alyssa Watanabe, Michelle Johnson,
Lubdha Shah, Wende Gibbs, Mary E. Jensen,
Raquel Z. del Carpio-O’Donovan, Rona Woldenberg,
Tabassum Kennedy, Achala Vagal, Birgit Ertl-Wagner,
Tammie Benzinger, Soonme Cha, and Patricia Ellen Grant
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Clinical Innovation and Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, and Global Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Biographical Sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Contents
Epilogue of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499