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Women inNeuroradiology: Germany
JenniferLinn
Description
Prof. Dr. med. Helga Grän von Einsiedel (*1938, †2018) was one of the female
pioneers in German neuroradiology. After completing her residency in Neurology
and Psychiatry—including intensive training in Neuropathology and (Neuro-)
Radiology—at the Nervenklinik of the University Munich and at the Röntgeninstitut
und Strahlenklinik of the municipal hospital of Köln-Merheim, she led the
Department of Neuroradiology at the Röntgeninstitut und Strahlenklinik of the latter
hospital in the early 1970s. Simultaneously, she performed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung in Köln-Merheim. From 1976
until 2003, Helga Grän von Einsiedel was head of the Department of Neuroradiology
at the Institut für Röntgendiagnostik of the Klinikum Rechts der Isar at the Technical
University Munich. She was the secretary of the German Society of Neuroradiology
from the very beginning and for over a decade (from 1971 to 1983) and its rst
female president in 1982/1983. In this position, she also organized and chaired the
Annual Meeting of the society in Munich in 1983. Besides her commitment to our
subspeciality, she was appointed as a member of the Bundesgesundheitsrat by the
German government in 1985.
Prof. Dr. med. Monika Warmuth-Metz is internationally recognized as the
founder and head of the German reference center for imaging of pediatric brain
tumors at the University Hospital Würzburg. After her training in pathology, general
radiology, and radiotherapy, she specialized in neuroradiology and started a close
collaboration with the delegates for brain tumors of the Gesellschaft für pädia-
trische Hämatologie und Onkologie (GPOH). She established the above-mentioned
reference center, initially on a voluntary basis and later on in a full-time function. At
the beginning, Monika Warmuth-Metz was responsible for the central imaging
review for the HIT trials on malignant pediatric brain tumors, while later on, the
central review became mandatory for all German pediatric brain tumor trials. On
account of this, the founding of the reference center by the Deutsche
Kinderkrebsstiftung was extended, and a working group could be established by
Prof. Warmuth-Metz. The nationwide reference center in collaboration with the
study centers allowed for a state-of-the-art treatment of affected children. As a reference radiologist of the brain tumor group of the European Society of Pediatric
Oncology (SIOP-E) and member of the RAPNO (Response Assessment in Pediatric
Neuro-Oncology) committee for medulloblastoma and leptomeningeal seeding
tumors, Prof. Warmuth-Metz contributed signicantly to the standardization of
imaging in children with brain tumors. Her major achievements in this regard refer
24 Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
371
to the correct interpretation of early-postoperative MR images, in particular, the differentiation of the very frequently found unspecic subdural enhancement on spinal
imaging from pathological changes. With Prof. Warmuth-Metz´ retirement in 2017,
she handed over the leadership of the German reference center for imaging of pediatric brain tumors to her colleague, Dr. med. Brigitte Bison, who later moved to the
University Hospital Augsburg.
Prof. Dr. med. Ulrike Ernemann was appointed Chair of the Department of
Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology at the University Hospital Tübingen
in 2008, as the rst appointed female head of an independent neuroradiological
department at a German university hospital. After completing her residency at the
University Hospital Würzburg, the Zentralklinikum Augsburg and the University
Hospital Tübingen, she specialized in neuroradiology in 2000. During her postgraduate training, she completed several internships at the Department of
Interventional Neuroradiology of the Hôpital Lariboisière and at the Hôpital
Fondation Rothschild in Paris, France. Her clinical as well as her research focus lies
on the diagnosis and interventional therapy of vascular malformations. She is a
member of the board of directors and speaker of the Centre for Vascular Abnormalities
(ZVA) at the University Hospital Tübingen. She organized and chaired the 49th
Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neuroradiology in Cologne in 2014 as
the second female congress president in the history of the DGNR. Since 2023,
Ulrike Ernemann has been appointed Vice Medical Director of the University
Hospital Tübingen.
Prof. Dr. med. Isabel Wanke is one of the most experienced German neurointerventionalists. She completed her residency at the Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, USA (Radiological Department) and the University Hospital
Essen (Departments of Radiology, Neurology and Neuroradiology). Already at a
very early stage of her career, she focused on interventional neuroradiology with a
special clinical and scientic interest in endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. In 2008, she was appointed Professor of Interventional Neuroradiology at
the University Hospital Essen, thus being the rst appointed Professor for this subspeciality in Germany. In parallel, she started her clinical activities at the Centre for
Neuroradiology of the Hirslanden Hospital in Zürich, Switzerland, and established
the Swiss Neuro Radiology Institute (SNRI) in Zürich together with Prof. Daniel
Rüfenacht. Isabel Wanke was very much involved in the foundation of the European
Society of Minimal Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT), led the Education
Committee of the society, organized the “Advanced Neurointerventional Course”
(ANIC) for several years and was ESMINT treasurer from 2011 to 2014. Since
2022, Isabel Wanke is president of the Swiss Society of Neuroradiology (SGNR).
Prof. Dr. med. Elke Hattingen is an internationally renowned specialist for
advanced, multi-parametric neuroradiological magnetic resonance imaging. Her
particular research focus lies on proton and phosphorus MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion and quantitative MRI in brain tumors, epilepsy, neurodegenerative, as well as
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inammatory diseases. After completing her residency and her postgraduate specialization in neuroradiology, Prof. Hattingen was clinically active as consultant of
Neuroradiology at the Department of Neuroradiology at the University Hospital
Frankfurt and—in parallel—chaired the MRI research group at the Brain Imaging
Center of the latter institution. In 2014, she was appointed Professor of
Neuroradiology at the University Hospital Bonn and since 2018, she is Chair of the
Department of Neuroradiology at the University Hospital Frankfurt. Since 2022,
Elke Hattingen is a board member of the committee for scientic equipment and
information technology of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). She is
DGNR delegate for several interdisciplinary, national guidelines, member of the
DGNR guideline commission, as well as neuroradiological delegate in The German
working group for the scientic medical societies (AWMF). Prof. Hattingen is a
member of the executive committee of the German Society of Neuroradiology (treasurer) and was congress president of the 58th Annual Meeting of the DGNR.Currently,
she is president elect of the German Society of Neuroradiology for the legislative
period from 2026 to 2028, and thus will be the rst “regularly” elected female
DGNR president in the society’s history.
Prof. Dr. med. Elke Gizewski completed her postgraduate clinical training in
radiology, neuroradiology, and nuclear medicine at the University Hospital Essen.
As board-certied neuroradiologist and consultant at the Department of Diagnostic
and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology at the latter institution, she was
also nominated head of the ultra-high eld 7 Tesla MRI neuroscience research
group at the Erwin L.Hahn Institute in Essen. In 2009, she was appointed Associate
Professor for Neuroradiology at the University Duisburg-Essen, followed by an
Professorship for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology at the Justus-Liebig
University Gießen from 2010 to 2012. In 2012, she was appointed Professor for
Neuroradiology at the Medical University Innsbruck (MUI) and director of the
university´s Core Facility for Imaging in Neuroscience. Her current scientic portfolio covers a wide range of both diagnostic and interventional neuroradiological
research questions. From 2014 to 2023, she was executive director of the Radiology
Department at the MUI.Since 2024, Elke Gizewski is appointed director of the
University Hospital for Radiology at the Medical University Innsbruck. She organized and chaired several large neuroradiological congresses, including the Joint
Annual Meeting of the German and Austrian Societies of Neuroradiology in 2016in
Cologne and the Annual Meeting of the Austrian Society of Neuroradiology in
2022in Innsbruck. In addition, she is very dedicated to teaching and trained a lot of
young colleagues in interventional neuroradiology, among them eight women
within the last 15years.
Currently, Elke Gizewski is president of the Austrian Society of
Neuroradiology (ÖGNR).
Prof. Dr. med. Franziska Dorn currently is one of the most experienced interventional neuroradiologists in Germany. She started her neurointerventional training
already during her residency at the Departments of Neuroradiology and Radiology
24
Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
373
at the Klinikum Rechts der Isar at the Technical University Munich. Her research
focuses on endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke (mechanical thrombectomy)
as well as on advanced-techniques for endovascular aneurysm treatment. She was
consultant neuroradiologist at the University Hospital Cologne and consultant and
head of the neurointerventional section of the Department of Neuroradiology at the
University Hospital of the Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich. Since 2020,
Franziska Dorn is Director of Neurointervention and Deputy Director of the
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology at the University
Hospital Bonn. She was founding member of the task force “Work and family” of
the German Society of Neuroradiology and she currently chairs the ESMINT
“Women in Neurointervention” (WIN) working group.
Finally, I would like to introduce myself, Prof. Dr. med. Jennifer Linn (Fig.24.4).
I started my scientic work doing basic research at the Institute of Neurophysiology
at the Technical University Munich for my doctoral thesis on Spontaneous Network
Oscillations in the Necortex of Newborn Rodents. During my residency at the
Departments of Radiology and Neuroradiology of the Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversity Munich (LMU, Klinikum Großhadern), my scientic interest switched to
more clinically based research questions, with a particular focus on cerebral amyloid angiopathy and other cerebral small vessel diseases as well as hemorrhagic
stroke. Besides my clinical work as neuroradiological consultant, I was head of the
MR-based research group of the Department of Neuroradiology of the LMU from
Fig. 24.4 Prof. Dr. med.
Jennifer Linn, Chair of
Diagnostic and
Interventional
Neuroradiology at the
University Hospital Carl
Gustav Carus at the
Technical University
Dresden
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2009 to 2014. For my work on supercial siderosis as a new MR-marker of cerebral
amyloid angiopathy, I was awarded the Marc-Dünzl-Preis (2006) and the KurtDecker- Preis (2011) of the German Society of Neuroradiology, the Perovitch Grant
for European Neuroradiologists at Johns Hopkins University (2011), and the
Founders Award for Diagnostic Neuroradiology of the European Society of
Neuroradiology (ESNR, 2015).
Since 2014, I am appointed Chair for Neuroradiology at the Technical University
and Director of the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology of
the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden. In 2017, I initialized the
Dresdner Neurovascular Centre (DNVC) at the latter institution and prepared and
realized the initial certication of the East-Saxonian Neurovascular Network (SOSNET) according to the Guidelines of the German Stroke Society.
M. I. Vargas et al.
Women inNeuroradiology: Italy
ChiaraZini and NicolettaEmanuelaAnzalone
Introduction
Neuroradiology in Italy formally began in 1910in Milan with the establishment of
the Istituto Neurologico Vittorio Emanuele III.However, it was not until 1924 that
neurologist Carlo Besta performed the rst pneumoencephalography, and the institute was later renamed the Istituto C.Besta in his honor for his commitment.
During the same period, Mario Bertolotti, a neuroradiologist, became the rst
full professor of neuroradiology in 1920.
Historically, neuroradiology in Italy has been closely linked to neurology, with
the earliest neuroradiologists being neurologists who had a special interest in
imaging.
In the Forties and Fifties, Italian neuroradiologists trained abroad, rst in Sweden
(where Di Chiro and Ruggiero specialized in invasive procedures) and later in
France. This era led to the emergence of a new generation of professionals qualied
as neuroradiologists. However, it was not until 1969 that new legislation ofcially
recognized neuroradiology as an independent hospital specialty in Italy.
The rst dedicated neuroradiology department in Italy was not established until
1964, when Prof. Alberto Calabro founded the Department of Neuroradiology at
Ospedale Cardarelli in Naples.
Today, there are 30 neuroradiology departments (Unità Operative Complesse,
UOC) in Italy. Of these, eight are headed by women, with one of these women specializing in interventional neuroradiology (Bracco in Siena) [17].
24 Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
375
A 2022 report by the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology
(SIRM) revealed that only 17% of neuroradiology department chiefs are women,
even though 52.3% of radiology residents are female [18].
The situation in academia mirrors this trend. According to the SIRM report,
women constitute 26% of radiology faculty, but only 11% hold full professorships.
In neuroradiology (scientic and academic elds code MED37), there are 20 full
professors, including four women (Granata, Pantano, Picecchio, and Splendiani),
and 20 associate professors, of whom six are women (Anzalone, Caramia,
Castellano, Conforti, Pizzini, and Ukmar).
However, outside Italy, several distinguished Italian female neuroradiologists
hold prominent positions across Europe and the Americas. Notable gures include
Biondi in France and Tampieri in Canada. They represent Italian excellence in leading neuroradiology roles worldwide, highlighting a signicant shift from the past,
when Italian professionals had to leave the country to pursue neuroradiology
training.
In 2023, the Italian Association of Neuroradiology (AINR) had 290 female
members out of a total of 722. Notably, women occupy two positions on the
Executive Committee, serving as Vice President (Anzalone) and Secretary
(Gerevini). Additionally, the subcommittees feature 2 female representatives
(Bracco, Castellano) out of 11, including one on the Interventional Radiology
Committee (Bracco).
Of the 326 Italian members of the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR),
153 are female, with 25 not disclosing their gender. Notably, an Italian female member has served as Chairperson of the Spine Neuroradiology Committee (Zini,
Fig.24.5b).
These numbers are quite interesting, and we hope to close the gap between male
and female representation both in academia and hospitals.
Competence is essential, but a strong, supportive system that helps women
achieve fulllment in both their personal and professional lives is also crucial.
To offer a more detailed view of the state of Italian neuroradiology, I decided to
explore the eld through the story of Nicoletta Anzalone, who served as an inspiration during my MD thesis.
Description
Prof. Nicoletta Anzalone (Fig. 24.5a) is a highly esteemed neuroradiologist with
over 25 years of experience in her eld. She earned her medical degree from
Università degli Studi di Milano and completed her residency in both neurology and
radiology at the same institution. Her deep interest in the complexities of the brain
and nervous system led her to transition from clinical practice to a focus on neuro-
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M. I. Vargas et al.
a b
Fig. 24.5 (a, b) On the left of the image Prof Nicoletta Emanuela Anzalone and on the right Dr
Chiara Zini
radiology. Currently, Prof. Anzalone is a leading authority at Vita e Salute University,
Scientic Institute HS San Raffaele in Milan, where she has made notable advancements in neuroimaging techniques. Additionally, she is a committed mentor, actively
shaping the future of aspiring neuroradiologists.
Inspiration andCareer Path
During my neurology residency, CT was the main diagnostic tool for brain diseases, and MRI was just beginning to emerge. I was particularly captivated by how
signicantly imaging improved the evaluation of neurological patients. This was
especially evident in emergency situations where CT was invaluable, as well as in
more complex and challenging neurological cases. It was during these critical
moments, both at the bedside and in emergency settings, that I discovered my passion for the diagnostic aspect of the process. Imaging greatly simplied the oftenchallenging task of neurological assessment. Over time, MRI has become central
to diagnosing neurological conditions, frequently preceding clinical evaluations.
As a result, our role as neuroradiologists has become crucial in diagnosing neurological diseases.
24 Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
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Type ofWork
For the reasons I mentioned above, and possibly due to my neurological background, I have a deep love for clinical work. I enjoy being involved in the diagnostic
process and discussing cases with various clinical professionals, including neurologists, neurosurgeons, and oncologists. This interdisciplinary collaboration is another
wonderful aspect of my job. Additionally, as an academic, I have the privilege of
teaching neuroradiology to students and residents. This is a rewarding part of my
work because young people are curious and constantly challenge me with their
expectations. After so many years in this eld, I never imagined my job could be so
fullling.
Challenges andGaps
Looking back, I realize that my hard work was driven by a strong sense of responsibility, a trait that comes from being the eldest daughter. Being a passionate working woman with a family denitely enriches your life, but it can also be challenging
and expose you to prejudices. Many people assume that if you are a woman with a
family, you won’t be able to dedicate enough time and effort to your job.
Consequently, they often exclude you from potential opportunities without even
giving you a chance to prove yourself.
Advantages ofBeing aNeuroradiologist
As I mentioned, neuroradiology is essential to the diagnostic process. Additionally,
this eld is closely tied to technology, which is continually evolving and improving.
This job will never become outdated, and you’ll never grow tired of it. You must
stay updated and constantly aware of all the latest technical advancements.
Mentorship
I don’t see myself as a mentor, but I was pleasantly surprised to realize that young
people—students, residents, and even young radiologists—looked up to me, not
only for my work and achievements but also for how I approached my job. As time
goes on, I nd myself increasingly focused on supporting young people. I hope to
convey a positive message about the rewarding nature of being a neuroradiologist
and to show young women that they can succeed in this eld without sacricing
their personal lives.
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Advice forAspiring Radiologists
Building on what I mentioned earlier, I highly recommend the eld of neuroradiology. If you have an interest in neurology and neuroscience, you’ll nd a vast and
exciting world awaiting you. This eld encompasses clinical neuroradiology,
research applications, and therapeutic neuroradiology—each playing a crucial role
in patient care.
For young individuals interested in neuroradiology, my primary advice is to
approach the subject with enthusiasm and curiosity. Begin by understanding the
clinical needs and strive to address them both in clinical practice and through
research.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Prof. Scotti for his guidance and support
in preparing and reviewing this chapter, Prof. Luca Maria Sconenza for his continual support and crucial help with data collection, and Prof. Caranci for his considerate assistance in reviewing the manuscript.
Women inNeuroradiology: Poland
AnnaZimny
Introduction
The history of radiology in Poland started a few weeks after Wilhelm Roentgen had
discovered X-rays and published his work in January 1896. Plain radiograms of the
skull were the rst neuroradiological examinations and remained the main neuroimaging method till 1950s. The rst Polish woman in those pioneering years, dominated by men, was Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934), who during World War I
developed mobile radiography units to provide X- ray services to eld hospitals;
they were used, among others, for the localization of bullets in the skull. In Poland,
the rst woman-pioneer in the eld of radiology was Dr. Bronisława Korabczyńska
(1881–1949)—head of the Radiology Department in Łazarz Hospital in Kraków in
1913–1949. After the Second World War, the strongest neuroradiology center in
Poland was based in the Medical University Hospital in Kraków, in the Department
of Radiology, which was chaired by professor Stanisława Janczyszyn-Spettowa.
She initiated Polish School of Neuroradiology and thus is named the Mother of
Polish Neuroradiology. It was her together with her team, who introduced brain
angiography to a routine clinical practice and started new procedures such as pneumocephalography and myelography in the 1950s. Medical University of Łódź was
another Polish center very strongly involved in those neuroradiological procedures
with doctor Bronisława Wygodzka-Lipska (1922–1996) working there.
24 Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
379
A new era in neuroradiology started with an introduction of CT and later MRI scanners into clinical practice. The rst CT unit in Poland was installed in 1979in
Poznań and an MRI scanner in 1991in Warsaw. The rst MR spectroscopic examinations were initiated in 1997 by professor Maria Sokół from the Department of
Medical Physics in Gliwice and the rst functional MRI studies in 1998in Kraków
and Łódź by professors Bożena Góraj and Agata Majos. At the same time, interventional neuroradiology started to rapidly develop in several centers in Poland, including Warsaw, Katowice, Łódź, and Lublin. In the 1990s, professor Małgorzata
Szczerbo-Trojanowska became the head of the Department of Interventional
Radiology and Neuroradiology in Lublin. She is one of the most prominent radiologists in Poland of all time and has been widely recognized in Europe. She was the
President of the European Congress of Radiology in 2010. In those years, there
were also other women in different centers in Poland who were getting more and
more involved in CT and MR imaging and interventional neuroradiology, among
them professor Zdzisława Bem (1932–2018) in Wrocław and professor Romana
Bogusławska-Walecka (born 1953) in Warsaw, while in Kraków, former students of
prof. Janczyszyn-Spettowa, doctors: Barbara Sikorska, Barbara Jedlińska, Barbara
Kamieniecka, and Henryka Uhl.
The Division of Neuroradiology of the Polish Society of Radiology was established
in 1963. Since 2000, it has been chaired exclusively by women: in 2010–2013,
president prof. Barbara Bobek-Billewicz, vice president prof. Elżbieta Jurkiewicz,
in 2013–2016, president prof. Barbara Bobek-Billewicz, secretary Dr. Aleksandra
Kiełtyka, in 2016–2023: president prof. Agata Majos, vice president prof. Anna
Zimny, secretary Dr. Edyta Maj and from 2023 till now, president prof. Joanna
Bladowska, vice president Dr. Edyta Maj, secretary Dr. Jagoda Jacków-Nowicka.
The most prominent women in neuroradiology after 1990in Poland are summarized below.
Prof. Bożena Góraj, MD, PhD (born 15.07.1956)—Head of the Section of
Neuroradiology at the Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen in the
Netherlands since 2004. She was appointed to this position in recognition of her
previous work and achievements. She was born and graduated in Łódź, Poland,
where in 1993 she became a Head of CT and MRI Division of the “Institute of
Polish Mothers” Health Center, Chair of the Department of Radiology of Medical
University of Łodź and a Director of the Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
of the same University. Her early scientic interest in the late 1980s was focused on
neurosonography in neonates as a novel technique, and later on transcranial doppler
in adults. In the late 1990s, she developed a strong interest in new advanced MRI
techniques such as MRS and fMRI in pediatric and adult patients. She is an ESNRcertied neuroradiologist and a lecturer on many ESR, ESNR, and Erasmus courses.
She chaired the ECR Neuroradiology Committee and was its member for several
years. Within ESNR, she held the position of Membership Committee Chairperson.
To create awareness of the importance and advances in neuroradiology, she organized Seminars of the Neuroradiology Division of the Polish Medical Society of
Radiology, of which she served as a vice president (1998–2001).