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Fig. 23.8 Noriko Aida,
MD, PhD
K. Ando et al.
– Tomiyasu M, Aida N, Watanabe Y, etal. Monitoring the brain metabolites of
children with acute encephalopathy caused by the H1N1 virus responsible for
the 2009 inuenza pandemic: A quantitative in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy study.
Magn Reson Imaging. 30:1527–33, 2012.
– Aida N. 1H-MR Spectroscopy of the Early Developmental Brain, Neonatal
Encephalopathies, and Neurometabolic Disorders. Magn Reson Med Sci.
21:9–28, 2022.
Here is a message from Noriko Aida:
When I started working at a large children’s hospital in the 1990s, I struggled
because there were almost no textbooks or teachers for pediatric neuroradiology in
Japan. Furthermore, pediatric neuroradiology papers were seldom presented even at
neuroradiology conferences, making it almost impossible to have discussions with
experts in Japan. So, I tried to present pediatric neuroradiology papers almost every
year, initially at RSNA and then at ASNR.The discussions and many presentations
there encouraged me to continue practicing neuroradiology at the Children’s
Hospital. Over time, many younger radiologists have thankfully become interested
in pediatric neuroradiology, and recently there have been many pediatric neuroradiology presentations at radiology conferences in Japan.
In my 40s and 50s, I became concerned about the social weakness and small
presence of the pediatric radiology eld, including pediatric neuroradiology, in
Japanese radiology. Therefore, I continued to work for the Japanese Pediatric
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
291
Radiology Society and the Japanese Neuroradiology Society as a board member,
director, and president. Later, I became a board member of the Japanese Radiological
Society and worked consistently to improve its status. Finally, I became the rst
woman to serve on the JRS Board of Directors and worked hard to promote diversity, including introducing a quota system for representative and director elections.
Many female neuroradiologists are now active both clinically and academically
in Japan, so I am not worried about that. However, socially speaking, in terms of
promotions and roles within facilities, I do not think that women radiologists and
neuroradiologists have yet achieved a status commensurate with their efforts.
Therefore, it is necessary for everyone to continue to cooperate and make steady
efforts.
Personally, as I have reached retirement age, I have received the honor of becoming an honorary member of the Japanese Society of Neuroradiology. I would like to
continue to support and encourage my dear junior colleagues by sharing my experience, even if only in a small way.
Akiyo Sadato, MD, PhD.
Professor Akiyo Sadato graduated from Kyoto University in 1986 and initially
joined the Department of Neurosurgery. She furthered her training in neuroradiology at the University of Rochester and in neurosurgery at the State University of
NewYork at Buffalo. Currently, she serves as a Professor of Neurosurgery at Fujita
Health University. Her area of specialization is neuroendovascular surgery. Some of
her representative papers are as follows:
– Sadato A, Hayakawa M, Adachi K, Nakahara I, Hirose Y.Large Residual Volume,
Not Low Packing Density, Is the Most Inuential Risk Factor for Recanalization
after Coil Embolization of Cerebral Aneurysms. PLoS One. 11: e0155062, 2016.
– Sadato A, Adachi K, Hayakawa M, Kato Y, Hirose Y.Effects of anatomic charac-
teristics of aneurysms on packing density in endovascular coil embolization:
Analysis of a single center’s experience. Neurosurg Rev. 39: 109–114, 2016.
– Sadato A, Wakhloo AK, Hopkins LN.Effect of low concentrated n-butyl cyano-
acrylate (NBCA)-Ethiodol mixture on tissue reaction and permanency of arterial
occlusion after embolization. Neurosurgery. 47: 1197–1205, 2000.
– Sadato A, Taki W, Ikada Y, Nakahara I, Matsumoto K, Tanaka M, Kikuchi
H.Immediately detachable coil for aneurysm treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.
16: 1459–1462, 1995.
– Sadato A, Taki W, Ikada Y, Nakahara I, Yamashita K, Matsumoto K, Tanaka M,
Kikuchi H, Doi Y, Noguchi T, Inada I.Experimental study and clinical use of
poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion as liquid embolization material. Neuroradiology.
36: 634–641, 1994.
Here is a message from Professor Akio Sadato
Over the past 30years, I have specialized in research and clinical practice in
endovascular surgery. During this period, I have witnessed the remarkable advancements in the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders thanks to the development of
new devices. I expect further advancements in the future. Specializing in
292
K. Ando et al.
cerebrovascular disorders often involves emergency work, which may be seen as a
deterrent to some, regardless of gender. However, I hope that the participation of
many young individuals will lead to further progress in this eld.
Noriko Sato, MD, PhD.
Noriko Sato graduated from Gunma University in 1987. After studying at Yale
University and making signicant contributions at Gunma University, she became
the Director of the Department of Radiology at the National Center of Neurology
and Psychiatry (NCNP) in Japan (Fig.23.9). She has greatly contributed to mentoring her juniors, providing guidance not only to radiologists but also to many young
doctors in psychiatry, pediatrics, neurology, and neurosurgery.
She has published 234 papers and authored 10 books. Her awards are too numerous to mention, but in 2021, she received the Top Cited Article 2020–2021 award
from the Journal of Neuroimaging.
Her notable studies include:
– Iijima K, Fujii H, Suzuki F, etal., and Sato N.Genotype-relevant neuroimaging
features in low-grade epilepsy-associated tumors. Front Neurol.
15:1419104, 2024.
– Nakaya M, Sato N, Matsuda H, etal. Free water derived by multi-shell diffusion
MRI reects tau/neuroinammatory pathology in Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 8(1), 2022.
Fig. 23.9 Noriko Sato,
MD, PhD.
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
293
– Hirasawa-Inoue A, Sato N, Shigemoto Y, etal. New MRI ndings in Fukuyama
congenital muscular dystrophy: Brain stem and venous system anomalies. AJNR
Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):1094–1098, 2020.
– Sato N, Ota M, Yagishita A, etal. Aberrant midsagittal ber tracts in patients
with hemimegalencephaly. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(4):823–7, 2008.
– Sato N, Ishizaka H, Yagi H, etal. Posterior lobe of the pituitary in diabetes insipi-
dus: dynamic MR imaging. Radiology. 186:357–60, 1993.
Here is a message from Noriko Sato:
I have supervised the doctoral theses of 14 students so far. Additionally, regardless of their degree status, I have provided guidance on research and papers to many
young doctors in radiology, psychiatry, pediatrics, neurology, and neurosurgery.
Working with young doctors from various elds has been enjoyable, as I have
learned a lot from them as well. I am also grateful that Japanese neuroradiologists
maintain good relationships across institutions, and I am glad I chose this specialty.
I hope to see further dynamism among young doctors.
I would like to continue to provide education, conduct research, and supervise
papers, as I have done so far. I believe that gender does not inuence one’s ability to
excel in the elds of diagnosis and research, and therefore, anyone can succeed in
every aspect of this eld regardless of gender.
Aya Tokumaru, MD, PhD.
Aya Tokumaru graduated from the Medical College of Mie University in 1985
(Fig. 23.10). After studying under Dr A. James Barkovich at the San Francisco
Medical Center of the University of California, she became the Director of
Diagnostic Radiology at the Metropolitan Medical Center of Gerontology in 2005.
She has published 67 papers, particularly on imaging diagnostics of dementia,
focusing on the correlation between brain pathology.
Here is a message from Aya Tokumaru
Personal Statement
• I strive to be a well-rounded physician, aiming for excellence in the “three-
legged stool” of clinical service, education, and research. I believe that a doctor
must use pioneering research and observation, built on a foundation of best-
practice clinical patient interaction, to impart a vision to all stakeholders. To this
end, I have endeavored to build consultative clinical credibility, leading to
research, then education and administration.
I have the expertise, leadership, training, expertise, and motivation necessary to suc-
cessfully carry out the proposed research project. I have a broad background in
diagnostic radiology with specic training and expertise in neuroradiology. I
have pursued the signicance of clinic-radio-pathological correlationship espe-
cially in neurodegenerative diseases. In this unprecedented aging society, appro-
priate medical interventions are crucial for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative
disease that may cause dementia, disturbance of active daily life, the disease
course, which extends over several decades, and there is now an urgent need for
countermeasures. Our team have contributed to clarify specic pathophysiologi-
294
Fig. 23.10 Aya Tokumaru,
MD, PhD.
K. Ando et al.
cal processes of neurodegenerative diseases (argyrophillic grain disease,
corticobasal degeneration syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, etc.) by
analyzing the high-resolution volumetric MRI correlating with neuropathology.
In addition, I successfully administered the projects collaborated with other
researchers, and produced several peer-reviewed publications from each project.
As a result of these previous experiences, I am aware of the importance of fre-
quent communication among project members and of constructing a realistic
research plan, timeline, and budget.
Contribution to Science
• My early publications directly addressed the signicance of clinico-radiogico-
pathological correlations of central nervous system (CNS) diseases especially in
neurodegenerative disorders. In actual medical practice, an incorrect judgment
may be made if making a diagnosis is prioritized. It is very difcult to assume the
background pathology in a very early stage of neurodegenerative disease in
many cases. From the background pathology of serial biopsy specimens from
1212 patients with degenerative dementia, we have analyzed the correlation of
clinic-radio-pathological correlationships. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s dis-
ease (AD) was high when the concomitant pathologies of dementia with grains
(DG), neurobrillary tangle disease (NFTD), progressive supranuclear palsy
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
295
(PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) were included. Senile tauopathy
reached 33% in the group with CDR>0.1 and 57% in the group with CDR=0.5.
To succeed in clinical trials in the treatment strategy of neurodegenerative
disease, it is necessary to obtain images consistent with the background pathol-
ogy. By providing evidence and creating more accurate clinical diagnostic crite-
ria of CB D and PSP, we would play an important role of this body of works.
Selected publications
• Sakurai K, Tokumaru AM, Aiba I, etal. Conventional magnetic resonance imag-
ing key features for distinguishing pathologically conrmed corticobasal degen-
eration from its mimics: A retrospective analysis of the J-VAC study.
Neuroradiology. 66: 123–30, 2024.
– Tokumaru AM, Saito Y, Murayama S. Diffusion-weighted imaging is key to
diagnosing specic disease. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 29: 163–83, 2021.
– Tokumaru AM, Saito Y, Murayama S, etal. Imaging-pathologic correlation in
corticobasal degeneration. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30: 1884–92, 2009.
– Tokumaru AM, etal. Optic tract hyperintensity on T2-weighted images among
patients with pituitary macroadenoma: Correlation with visual impairment.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27: 250–54, 2006.
– Tokumaru AM, etal. Prominent meningeal enhancement adjacent to meningi-
oma on Gd-DTPA enhanced images: Histopathologic comparison. Radiology.
175: 431–33, 1990.
Keiko Toyoda, MD, PhD.
Keiko Toyoda graduated from The Jikei University School of Medicine in 1986 and
joined the Department of Radiology at the same university (Fig.23.11). The Jikei
University School of Medicine has produced many head and neck radiologists. In
1997, she studied abroad at the Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ)，
Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA) in France. Since then, she has been active
as a head and neck radiologist and is currently a Professor in the Department of
Radiology at The Jikei University School of Medicine.
She is a leader among Japanese head and neck radiologists, having published
more than 20 papers and contributed to 14 textbooks. Some of her representative
works include:
– Toyoda K, Ida M, Fukuda, K.Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery intraarterial
signal: an early sign of hyperacute cerebral ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.
22: 1021–9, 2001.
– Toyoda K, Kitai S, Ida M, etal. “Usefulness of high-b-value diffusion-weighted
imaging in acute cerebral infarction. Eur Radiol. 17:1212–20, 2007.
– Toyoda K, Oba H, Kutomi K, etal: “MR Imaging of IgG4-Related Disease in the
Head and Neck and Brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.33: 2136–2139, 2012.
296
Fig. 23.11 Keiko Toyoda,
MD, PhD.
K. Ando et al.
Her book, “MARUWAKARI: Diagnostic Imaging of the Head and Neck Region”
(Shujun Sha, Tokyo, JPN p.895), published in 2015, is considered a bible for head
and neck radiologists in Japan, known as “Pink Book” (Fig.23.12).
Here is a message from Dr Keiko Toyoda:
I have been blessed with many teachers, seniors, peers, and juniors, and I am
grateful for these connections. Throughout my career, I have been deeply involved
in diagnostic imaging, like a craftsman, teaching, and being taught. I have faced
many challenges, but I have come this far thanks to these mentors and the support
of others. During the most intensive period of my career, I often lost track of time
while interpreting images, and soon, doctors from other departments began to support and encourage me.
Moreover, I was fortunate to have colleagues not only within my institution but
also outside of it, which enabled me to create the “MARUWAKARI” textbook. I
believe the most important thing is having such long-standing friends and colleagues who share the same passion.
Looking ahead, I hope to pass on to future generations the joy of neuroradiology
and head and neck radiology and to ensure that valuable cases are properly
documented.
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
Fig. 23.12
MARUWAKARI:
Diagnostic Imaging of the
Head and Neck Region
297
Noriko Kurihara, MD, PhD.
Dr Noriko Kurihara graduated from Tohoku University in 1988 (Fig.23.13). She
has worked in National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center about 30years
and has educated many residents and interns on emergency cases that are rarely seen
in university hospitals.
The Tohoku region of Japan has a high prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases,
and she has primarily published papers on imaging diagnostics of cerebrovascular
diseases. Here are some of her representative papers:
Here is the formatted version:
– Kurihara N, etal. Hemorrhage owing to cerebral cavernous malformation: imag-
ing, clinical and histopathological considerations. JJR. 38: 613–621, 2020.
298
Fig. 23.13 Noriko
Kurihara, MD, PhD.
K. Ando et al.
– Kurihara N, etal. Edema in the retropharyngeal space associated with head and
neck tumors: CT imaging characteristics. Neuroradiology. 47: 609–615, 2005.
– Tamura H, Kurihara N, etal. How does water diffusion in human white matter
change following ischemic stroke? Magn Reson Med Sci. 8: 121–34, 2009.
– Kurihara N, etal. Investigation of hydrocephalus with three-dimensional con-
structive interference in steady state MRI.Neuroradiology. 42: 634–638, 2000.
– Kurihara N, etal. Hemorrhage in pituitary adenoma: correlation of MR imaging
with operative ndings. Eur Radiol. 8: 971–976, 1998.
– Kurihara N, et al. Evaluation of large intracranial aneurysm with three-
dimensional MRI.J Comput Assist Tomogr. 19: 707–712, 1995.
Here is a message from Noriko Kurihara:
I have spent most of my career in community hospitals and have no particularly
notable achievements. However, I feel truly fortunate to have encountered neuroradiology. I did not have a female role model nearby, and I navigated my career path
by trial and error. However, because neuroradiology is a relatively narrow eld, by
persistently participating in regular conferences and study groups, I was able to
meet many respected female doctors and envision the direction I wanted to take and
my future.
Balancing work with raising children has been the most challenging part of my
career. When my children were young, it was physically exhausting, and during
their teenage years, it was mentally draining. Still, I believe that having my work
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
299
allowed me to reset my mind and spirit, which helped me get through those
tough times.
I believe that imaging diagnostics suits women who are detail-oriented and persistent. As I am nearing retirement, I want to support and nurture young doctors.
Although it is not my strong suit, I have become a delegate this year to help connect
with the next generation.
Salamon Noriko, MD, PhD.
Professor Noriko Salamon is currently a Professor of Radiology and the Section
Chief of Neuroradiology at UCLA.She has published 290 papers in neuroradiology
and has hosted many students from Japan. Many of these students have gone on to
successful careers in Japan and abroad. In recognition of her contributions, the
Japanese Society of Neuroradiology awarded her honorary membership in 2024.
Some of her representative papers are:
– DTI of tuber and perituberal tissue can predict epileptogenicity in tuberous scle-
rosis complex. Neurology. 85: 2011–5, 2015.
– The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: A consensus clas-
sication proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods
Commission. Epilepsia. 52: 158–74, 2011.
– FDG-PET/MRI coregistration improves detection of cortical dysplasia in
patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 71: 1594–601, 2008.
– Contralateral hemimegalencephaly and Clinical-Pathological Correlations in
Children with hemimegalencephaly. Brain. 129: 352–65, 2006.
Here is a message from Noriko Salamon:
My name is Noriko Salamon. I am a neuroradiologist born in Japan and now
practicing in the US.During medical school, I was drawn to psychiatry and neuroscience. Around the time of my graduation, MRI technology was advancing signicantly in imaging diagnosis, especially in neuroradiology. This led me to pursue
training in Diagnostic Radiology, which I found to be the most appealing. It is worth
noting that, as a woman in Japan, entering radiology was initially challenging due
to the “allergy to Radiation” mentality inuenced by Japan’s history with the atomic
bomb. I was inspired by my mentor, Dr Munechika, who trained at Yale in the 1970s
and supported me in becoming a diagnostic radiologist. I started as a body interventional radiologist, but my passion for the neuro eld led me to neurointerventional
radiology. I was fortunate to receive a French government scholarship to train in
France, which was a life-changing experience and solidied my dedication to
neuroradiology.
There was no equivalent exam to transfer a Japanese medical license to the
French system in the 1990s, so I decided to move to the United States in 1995 with
my husband, Georges Salamon. I completed another Radiology Residency at
Northwestern University, Chicago, and became a faculty member at UCLA in 2003.
I am now in my 21st year at UCLA, serving as a Professor of Radiology and Section
Chief of Neuroradiology.