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5 Austrian Society of Neuroradiology (Österreichische Gesellschaft für…
73
Table 5.2
Honorary members of the Austrian Society of Neuroradiology
2008 Prof. Dr. Erich Klein Graz, Austria
2013 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schroth Bern, Switzerland
2018 Prof. Dr. Georges Rodesch Paris, France
2019 PD Dr. Mark McCoy Salzburg, Austria
2019 Dr. Johannes Trenkler Linz, Austria
2021 Prof. Dr. Anton Valavanis
2022 Prof. Dr. Daniela Prayer Wien, Austria
†
List of honorary members of the Austrian Society of Neuroradiology
Names City, Country
Prof. Dr. Jean Paul Braun
Prof. Dr. Benno Hammer
Prim. Dr. Hermann Mösl
Prof. Dr. Peter Huber
Dr. Hildegard Böhm-Jurkovic Linz, Austria
Prof. Dr. Pierre Rabischong Montpellier, France
has died
†
†
†
†
†
Colmar, France
Linz, Austria
Salzburg, Austria
Bern, Switzerland
Zürich, Switzerland
members in the executive committee, typical functionaries to the interest of the
society (e.g., national delegates of the ESNR, World Federation of Neuroradiological
Societies (WFNRS), etc.). Within recent years, the structure was further developed
in order to account for recent developments in digitalization and in regard to promote young radiologists. Therefore, a co-opted member for Internet and web-based
teaching was established as well as a group of young neuroradiologists.
The function period of the ÖGNR executive committee lasts 4years. The membership is structured in full members, associate members and honorary members
(Table5.2). The general assembly is to be held once a year.
The Austrian Society of Neuroradiology holds institutional memberships to the
ESNR and to the WFNRS and is part of Clinical Neuroradiology as associated
Journal of ÖGNR, German Society of Neuroradiology (DGNR) and Swiss Society
of Neuroradiology (SGNR).
The society currently has 120 members (2024).
Annual Meetings
One of the main activities of the society is the organization of annual meetings
(Table5.3).
The founding conference on the occasion of an honorary symposium for Prof.
Hammer (25 Years of Neuroradiology in Upper Austria) took place in May 1990in
Linz, the rst annual meeting was held in May 1991in Vienna.
From the beginning, the ÖGNR was a society with high interest in networking
across the borders. In 1994, the annual meeting was held jointly with the Hungarian
Society of Neuroradiology in Balatonfüred, Hungary.
74
E. R. Gizewski et al.
Table 5.3
Annual meetings of the Austrian Society for Neuroradiology
Date of
Meeting
Start
05.05.1990 Founding conference on the
25.05.1991 1st Annual Meeting Vienna Schindler
23.05.1992 2nd Annual Meeting Graz Ebner
15.05.1993 3rd Annual Meeting Salzburg Grobovschek
26.05.1994 28.05.1994 4th Annual Meeting together with
07.09.1995 09.09.1997 30th Annual Meeting DGNR/7th
11.05.1996 6th Annual Meeting Innsbruck Schindler
23.05.1997 24.05.1997 7th Annual Meeting Linz Jurkovic
05.06.1998 06.06.1998 8th Annual Meeting Graz Klein
07.09.1999 11.09.1999 XXV.ESNR Congress (no annual
26.05.2000 27.05.2000 9th Annual Meeting Velden Haselbach
18.05.2001 19.05.2001 10th Annual Meeting Salzburg Grobovschek
30.05.2002 31.05.2002 11th Annual Meeting Innsbruck Waldenberger
06.06.2003 07.06.2003 12th Annual Meeting Graz Klein
14.05.2004 15.05.2004 13th Annual Meeting Vienna Prayer
02.06.2005 04.06.2004 14th Annual Meeting Linz Trenkler
19.05.2006 20.05.2006 15th Annual Meeting Salzburg Grobovschek
2007 no Annual Meeting
02.10.2008 04.10.2008 16th Annual Meeting/5thGrazer
29.10.2009 31.10.2009 17th Annual Meeting/6th
18.11.2010 20.11.2010
17.11.2011 19.11.2011 19th Annual Meeting/8th
22.11.2012 24.11.2012 20th Annual Meeting/9th
10.10.2013 12.10.2013 neuroRad 2013, 21st Annual
20.11.2014 22.11.2014 22nd Annual Meeting/10th Erich
List of annual meetings of the Austrian Society of Neuroradiology
Date of
meeting
end
Name of Meeting Location Congress
Linz Jurkovic
occasion of an honorary
symposium for Prof. Hammer (25
Years of Neuroradiology in Upper
Austria)
Balatonfüred, HUSchindler/
the 5th Annual Meeting of the
Hungarian Society of
Neuroradiology
Würzburg, DE Nadjmi/
Annual Meeting SGNR/5th Annual
Meeting ÖGNR
meeting ÖGNR)
INR-Kurs
Erich-Klein-Kurs INR
18th Annual Meeting/7thErich-
Klein- Kurs INR
Erich-Klein-Kurs INR
Erich-Klein-Kurs
Meeting ÖGNR, 48th Annual
Meeting DGNR
Klein Kurs INR
Vienna Schindler
Graz Klein
Linz Trenkler
Innsbruck Schocke
Klosterneuburg Nasel
Graz Deutschmann
Köln, DE Trenkler/
Salzburg McCoy
President
Miklos
Valavanis/
Schindler
Dörer
(continued)
5 Austrian Society of Neuroradiology (Österreichische Gesellschaft für…
75
Table 5.3
Annual meetings of the Austrian Society for Neuroradiology
19.11.2015 21.11.2015 23. Annual Meeting/11.
05.10.2016 08.10.2016 neuroRad 2016, 24. Annual
16.10.2017 18.10.2017
15.11.2018 17.11.2018
09.10.2019 12.10.2019 neuroRad 2019, 27. Annual
2020 cancelled (Corona) Salzburg McCoy
18.11.2021 20.11.2021
03.11.2022 05.11.2022
04.10.2023 06.10.2023 neuroRad 2023, 30. Annual
07.11.2024 09.11.2024
(continued)
Erich-Klein-Kurs
Meeting ÖGNR, 51. Annual
Meeting DGNR
25. Annual Meeting/12. ErichKlein- Kurs INR
26. Annual Meeting/13. ErichKlein- Kurs INR
Meeting ÖGNR, 54. Annual
Meeting DGNR
28. Annual Meeting/14. ErichKlein- Kurs INR
29. Annual Meeting/15. ErichKlein- Kurs INR
Meeting ÖGNR, 58. Annual
Meeting DGNR
31. Annual Meeting/16. ErichKlein- Kurs INR
Klagenfurt Hausegger
Köln, DE Gizewski/Berlis
Graz Deutschmann
Vienna Prayer/
Kasprian
Frankfurt, DE Trenkler/
Zimmer
Klagenfurt Hausegger
Innsbruck Gizewski
Kassel, DE Pfaff/Hattingen
Graz Deutschmann
In 1995, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the discovery of X-rays by
Conrad Wilhelm Röntgen in Würzburg, a common meeting was organized by Prof.
Nadjmi for the DGNR, Prof. Schindler for the ÖGNR and Prof. Valavanis for
the SGNR.
In 1999, Prof. Schindler, the then president of the ÖGNR, succeeded to organize
the XXVth ESNR Congress in the Vienna Imperial Palace—strongly supported by
the ÖGNR.
Due to the rapid development of Interventional Neuroradiology (INR), a popular
course in INR was integrated into the national annual meetings since 2008 as the
“Erich Klein Course in Interventional Neuroradiology,” named after Prof. Klein, an
Austrian pioneer of Interventional Neuroradiology.
In 2012, the DGNR and the ÖGNR under the presidencies of Prof. Olav Jansen
and Prim. Johannes Trenkler agreed to a common annual meeting every 3years
known as the “neuroRad.” The rst joint meeting took place in 2013in Cologne
(Germany) organized by Prof. Arnd Dörer and Prim. Trenkler. Since then, this successful joint meeting was held in 2016in Cologne, 2019in Frankfurt and 2023in
Kassel. For 2025, the next joint meeting is planned to take place in Salzburg for the
rst time in Austria.
76
E. R. Gizewski et al.
Current Situation ofNeuroradiology inAustria
As mentioned above, at the moment, there is no subspecialty for neuroradiology in
Austria. However, within the curriculum of radiology, a dedicated neuroradiology
module is established.
Today, diagnostic neuroradiology and most neurointerventional procedures are
provided by radiologists and, to a lesser extent, by neurosurgeons. Dedicated departments or centers of neuroradiology in university hospitals are established as follows:
Clinical divisions in Vienna, Graz and Innsbruck as part of the Departments of
Radiology of the University Clinics.
University Institute of Neuroradiology in Salzburg
Neuroradiology in University Hospitals St. Pölten and Tulln
Institute of Neuroradiology at Kepler University Hospital, Neuromed Campus Linz
here one location is missing: Professorship for Neuroradiology at Medical
University Innsbruck as part of Department of Radiology, Innsbruck
Neuroradiology is a focus specialty in General Hospitals with neurological—
neurosurgical or neurological services. To date, there are no independent or private
practices with a pure neuroradiological focus.
Training
The training structure is according to the European training curriculum radiology:
Level 1 (Years 1–3) is nalized with an exam. Level 2 (Years 4–5) allows a specialization in neuroradiology as radiologist.
The Level 3 subspecialization neuroradiology is still to be established. As there
is no subspecialization in neuroradiology in Austria at the moment, the ESNR and
European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT)
courses are attended by neuroradiological-interested fellows, they are encouraged
and nancially supported to aim for appropriate diplomas provided by ESNR
or ESMINT.
Based on the German concept and in cooperation with the corresponding German
societies, the Austrian Society of Interventional Radiology (ÖGIR) and the ÖGNR
implemented a modular gradual approach to train and certify individuals and centers in neurovascular therapy. To ensure quality assurance, the participation, in a
dedicated quality-assurance software, is provided.
Further practical training for radiologists with a main focus in neuroradiology is
possible in well-equipped institutions (mostly universities) that run, for instance,
1.5–3 T MR-units, biplane angiography and technical high-end CT scanners.
5 Austrian Society of Neuroradiology (Österreichische Gesellschaft für…
77
Academia
There are well-established research programs for young radiologists who are interested in neuroradiology at all university clinics/hospitals in Austria. This research is
based on a tight collaboration with neurology and neurosurgery as well, as there is
a broad interdisciplinary cooperation with other neurosciences (e.g., neuropathology, psychiatry, psychology, neurophysiology, cognitive and basic neurosciences,
etc.)—which have been recently organized in centers of shared academic clinical
and scientic interests.
Furthermore, dedicated lectures in neuroradiology are offered as part of the graduate medical school curriculum as well as postgraduate PhD programs. According
to the subspecializations within the eld neuroradiology (diagnostic, interventional,
pediatric, functional, etc.), there are different scientic and clinical focuses amongst
Austrian neuroradiological academic institutions—which regularly attract international visiting fellows to broaden their experience in the eld. The ÖGNR encourages all those who are interested in neuroradiology to attend the ESNR-courses for
neuroradiology. After completion of the whole ESNR course circle—including all
mandatory examinations—the ÖGNR ofcially recognizes the subspecialization.
All universities run masters and doctoral thesis as well as PhD programs, which
include clinical neuroradiological topics.
Scientic publishing is encouraged by the scientic Arthur Schüller Award, provided and sponsored by the ÖGNR annually.
References
1. Schindler E. Arthur Schüller: pioneer of neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.
1997;18:1297–302.
2. Schüller A. Röntgenologie in ihren Beziehungen zur Neurologie. Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd.
1914;50:188–207.
Open Access
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adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
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the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Chapter 6
Recent History oftheBrazilian Society
ofDiagnostic andTherapeutic
Neuroradiology
CarlosClaytonMacêdode Freitas, ClaudioC.V.Staut,
FranciscoMont’Alverne, FelipeT.Pacheco,
CarlosBatistaAlvesde SouzaFilho, CarlosMichelA.Peres,
ChristianeM.S.Campos, EricHomeroAlbuquerquePaschoal,
EduardoFlorianiRaupp, GelsonLuisKoppe, JoséGuilhermeCaldas,
MariadeFátimaVianaVascoAragao, MichelEliFrudit,
PedroS.C.Magalhães, RaquelTrovoHidalgo, RicardoAbkalaf,
andRogérioZenóbioDarwich
C. C. M. de Freitas (*)
Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, São Paulo State University,
Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
e-mail: c.freitas@unesp.br
C. C. V. Staut
Hospital of Clinics of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
F. Mont’Alverne
Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Geral de Fortaleza,
Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
F. T. Pacheco
Health Sciences from Santa Casa de Misericórdia, São Paulo, Brazil
C. B. A. de SouzaFilho
Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
C. M. A. Peres
Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Santa Julia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
C. M. S. Campos
Hospital da Benecência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
E. H. A. Paschoal
Instituto Amazonas, São Paulo, Brazil
M. de. F. V. V. Aragao
Universidade de Federal de Pernambuco, São Paulo, Brazil
G. L. Koppe
Hospital Cajuru, São Paulo, Brazil
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_6
79© The Author(s) 2026
80
C. C. M. de Freitas et al.
Some Words
The dawn of a new society marks a transformative period in which fresh ideas, values, and structures begin to take shape. It represents the merging of diverse perspectives, fostering innovation and collaboration. This new society wishes to advance
technology and social practices, reshaping how individuals interact and thrive. As
challenges arise, the resilience and adaptability of the community play a crucial role
in dening its future. The birth of a society is not just about survival; it’s about the
development of identity, community, and a shared narrative that continues to inuence subsequent generations.
Carlos Clayton Macedo de Freitas
The Dawn ofaNew Society
Neuroradiology began with ventriculography in 1918, pneumoencephalography in
1919, and arteriography in 1927. Initially, air studies were common but were
replaced by angiography in the 1950s and 1960s. Until the mid-twentieth century,
neurosurgeons, neurologists, and general radiologists performed these examinations. In 1952, Dr. Juan M.Taveras became the head of the Radiology department
at the Neurological Institute of Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in NewYork,
training specialists dedicated to Neuroradiology. This eld has progressively developed in nearly all countries. Today, with advancements in CT, MRI, and PET, specialists carry out neuroradiology due to the increasing complexity of neuroscience
and the need for dedicated professionals in endovascular treatments [1].
In Brazil, neuroradiology began with the pioneering efforts of Professor José
Záclis, who established the rst center at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de
E. F. Raupp
Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
J. G. Caldas
Hospital of Clinics of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
e-mail: jose.caldas@hc.fm.usp.br
M. E. Frudit
Department of Interventional Neuroradiology—INRAD/HCFMUSP and Department of
Interventional Neuroradiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
P. S. C. Magalhães
Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neuroradiology Services, HMSJ,
Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
R. T. Hidalgo
Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
R. Abkalaf
Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Hospital A.C.Camargo Cancer Center,
São Paulo, Brazil
R. Z. Darwich
Rede D’or Biocor, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
6 Recent History oftheBrazilian Society ofDiagnostic andTherapeutic Neuroradiology
81
Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo in 1947. In 1964, he lectured on PanCerebral Angiography at the V Symposium neuroradiologicum during the First
Congress of Neurologic Sciences in Brussels, Belgium. This innovative technique
signicantly advanced neuroradiology by allowing comprehensive visualization of
intracranial blood vessels. In 1976, the rst computed tomography (CT) scans were
implemented in clinical practice at Benecência Portuguesa Hospital in São Paulo,
with the active participation of Professor Nélio Garcia de Barros and Professor José
Záclis, marking the beginning of a new era in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases [2, 3].
During the 1960s, several notable gures emerged in the eld of neuroradiology.
Dr. Wilson Eliseu Sezana founded the Center for Neuroradiology at the Hospital de
Base in Brasília. Dr. Glerystane R.B. de Holanda established the Neuroradiology
department in Recife, Pernambuco. Dr. Sérgio Santos Lima, who trained in the
United States, returned with valuable skills, including the technique for crafting
handmade catheters using either a ame or warm water. At the same time, Prof.
Sérgio Raupp in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, conducted and published research
on “Myelography with Liposoluble Positive Contrast.” These individuals made
remarkable contributions to the eld during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s [4, 5].
Prof. Sérgio Raupp, the second president of SBNRDT, is a tireless personality who
continues to participate in meetings, congresses, and every grand round at the Santa
Casa de Porto Alegre Hospital with fellows.
The subsequent period of the SBNR was characterized by the strong inuence of
the French School (1990s timeline), which profoundly impacted Brazilian history.
Distinguished mentors, including Professor Pierre Lasjaunias, Professor Luc Picard,
Professor Jean Jacques Merland, and Professor Jacques Moret, were instrumental in
cultivating expertise within this domain. Prominent Brazilian pioneers, such as Dr.
Ronie Piske, Dr. José Maria Modenese Freitas, Dr. Márcio Sampaio, Dr. Carlos
Abath, Dr. Paulo Passos, Dr. Claudio Staut, Prof. José Guilherme Pereira Caldas,
Dr. Eduardo Ernesto, among others, received training from French professors at a
different time. They successfully established the INR in their respective regions.
The SBNR holds Professor Pedro Lylyk in high regard as a prominent gure in
South American interventional neuroradiology. His signicant contributions to the
eld have trained numerous Brazilian neuroradiologists and fostered the development of innovative techniques, greatly enhancing the treatment of complex neurological diseases. As a leader in endovascular interventions, his work has been crucial
in improving the management of strokes and cerebral artery diseases. His extensive
academic and professional accomplishments highlight his considerable inuence in
the neurosurgical eld, positioning him as a key player in advancing medical practices and education throughout Latin America.
During the “French period,” these professionals have signicantly advanced the
treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in Brazil by incorporating innovative techniques learned abroad. Their efforts have improved considerably the care for brain
and spine conditions. However, they face considerable challenges, such as needing
more essential equipment, devices, and adequately trained personnel. Despite these
obstacles, their dedication continues to drive progress in the eld, ensuring better
82
C. C. M. de Freitas et al.
patient outcomes and laying the groundwork for future advancements in medical
treatment across the country.
In 1997, a group of neuroradiologists established the Brazilian Society of
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology (SBNRDT). However, it was not ofcially registered until September 2, 1998, during the II Congress of SBNRDT, held
alongside the XVIII Congress of Neurology in São Paulo (see timeline design).
Exclude the 3 words before (see timeline design) among parenthesis. Immediately
above, the ofcial register with all SBNRDT rst members.
The Recent History (2018 Until Now)
The SBNR has grown in recent years, reaching almost 400 members, and it has
worked with other sister societies in national and international collective actions in
Brazil and South America. However, managing a country like Brazil means facing
many challenges, such as vast geography and population distribution, historically
concentrated training centers in the southeastern and southern regions, regional disparities in professional availability and quality, and different Human Development
Indices. In response, a task group of over 30 experts developed a standardized curriculum based on competency education for Neuroradiology, which was approved
as a medical residency program in 2018.
The Competency-Based Curriculum and the competency matrix opened a new
era in Brazilian Neuroradiology. New training centers were established in underserved regions, promoting equity, and the number of fellows increased to nearly 50
per year, which is a clear indicator of the SBNR’s commitment to enhancing professional practice in the country. Competency-based medical education (CBME) and
entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are innovative approaches that have transformed the landscape of medical education and assessment. These frameworks
focus on developing specic competencies and ensuring that medical trainees are
entrusted with responsibilities that reect their readiness and ability to perform key
tasks in clinical practice.
CBME emphasizes the importance of outcomes and the mastery of skills, knowledge, and behaviors necessary for effective patient care. It encourages a more individualized and learner-centered approach to training, allowing for a tailored
educational experience that caters to each student’s needs.
Similarly, EPAs serve as concrete units of professional practice, dening what
trainees should be able to do upon completion of their education. They provide a
clear structure for assessing readiness for unsupervised practice and enhance the
consistency of evaluations across different educational settings.
These advancements in medical education are part of a broader movement that
spans various international societies. Collaborations are seen among the Brazilian
Society of Neuroradiology (SBNR), the French Society of Neuroradiology (SFNR),
the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR), and the Portuguese Society of
6 Recent History oftheBrazilian Society ofDiagnostic andTherapeutic Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology (SPNR). Such collaborative efforts aim to unify standards and
ensure the quality and relevance of medical education on a global scale.
In Latin America, several countries are working toward a unied educational
framework, particularly in the medical eld. Institutions such as the Colégio
Argentino de Radiologia (CANI), Sociedad Ibero Latino Americana de
Neuroradiology, Sociedad Chilena of Neuroradiology, Sociedad Peruviana of
Neuroradiology, Sociedad Colombiana de Neurocirurgia, and the Sociedade
Brasileira de Neurorradiologia (SBNR) began working on a homogeneous platform
for education before 2020, emphasizing the value of a competence-based curriculum. This approach establishes standardized educational development in Knowledge,
Skills, and Attitude, focused on Interventional Neuroradiology. By promoting collaboration and consistency across borders, these efforts seek to improve the quality
and accessibility of medical education, ultimately beneting healthcare outcomes in
the region.
83
The Period ofCOVID-19. It WasaDark Moment inHuman
Beings’ History
It’s impossible to describe recent human history without considering the COVID-19
pandemic, which has profoundly impacted global health systems and revealed signicant vulnerabilities. Hospitals faced unprecedented challenges, including nancial strain due to increased demand for medical supplies and equipment and the
postponement of elective procedures. The economic crisis exacerbated these issues,
leading to a rise in uninsured individuals as unemployment soared. Health systems
struggled to maintain access to care, highlighting the need for robust pandemic
preparedness and resilient healthcare nancing.
All regions of Brazil have been affected, leading to new challenges to ensure
adequate care for suspected or conrmed cases of COVID-19 and the safety of
health professionals and other patients, reducing their exposure to the risk of infection and safeguarding the care of other potential life-threatening condition, like
Acute ischemic stroke and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. To provide an organization
framework for acute stroke patients’ healthcare and those who require urgent neurointerventional procedures in the COVID-19 pandemic setting of the Scientic
Department on Cerebrovascular Diseases of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology,
the Brazilian Society of Cerebrovascular Diseases and the Brazilian Society of
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology created an expert joint consensus. It
published a guideline in 2020 [6] (Mont’Alverne F et al. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.
2020;78(7):440–449). This was expanded, updated, and used in a review of recommendations published by the World Federation of Interventional Neuroradiology
(Interv Neuroradiol. 2021;27(1_suppl):24–29) [6].
Despite the terrible coexistence of disease, suffering, and death, the primary
instinct of human beings has also emerged: survival. In our profession, barriers