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Fig. 23.18 Junko Kikuta,
MD, PhD
K. Ando et al.
and magnetization transfer saturation imaging study. American Journal of
Neuroradiology. 2022; 43(12): 1706.
– Kikuta J, Kamagata K, Taoka T, etal. Water diffusivity changes along the peri-
vascular space after lumboperitoneal shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure
hydrocephalus. Front Neurol. 2022; 13: 843883.
– Kikuta J, Kamagata K, Takabayashi K, etal. An investigation of water diffusivity
changes along the perivascular space in elderly subjects with hypertension.
American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2022; 43(1): 48.
– Wada A, Shizukuishi T, Kikuta J, etal. Altered structural connectivity of pain-
related brain network in burning mouth syndrome—investigation by graph anal-
ysis of probabilistic tractography. Neuroradiology. 2017; 59(5): 525–532.
Here is a message from Junko Kikuta:
One of the most notable experiences in my career was participating in the
Japanese Society of Neuroradiology, where I had the opportunity to meet many
specialists in the eld. Neuroradiology imaging diagnosis can be quite challenging,
but seeing doctors who are passionate about discussing imaging, almost as if it were
a hobby, left a strong impression on me. As AI in imaging diagnostics becomes
more prevalent, I realize that radiologists mastering their sub-specialties and accumulating valuable experience is a signicant strength and a source of fulllment.
During my doctoral studies, I learned about brain image analysis, which allows for
evaluating morphological and functional changes in the brain associated with various diseases. This is an area I nd highly intriguing.
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
311
I aim to continue rening my skills as a radiologist to provide imaging diagnoses
that contribute to clinical diagnosis and treatment. I also plan to pursue research in
neuroradiology and aim to present at conferences and publish papers. In Japan, only
about 20% of physicians are women, and their representation in hospitals, academic
societies, and other organizations remains low, making it difcult for their opinions
to be reected. While work styles for physicians have diversied signicantly since
my early years in child-rearing, many still nd it challenging to continue their
careers due to childcare or caregiving responsibilities. I believe it is important to
collectively consider what measures and systems would allow them to maintain
their careers and thrive in their roles.
Maki Umino, MD, PhD.
After graduating from Mie University School of Medicine in 2006, Maki Umino
joined the Department of Radiology, where she has consistently published research
papers in the eld of neuroradiology. Her research is notable for its meticulous
approach to each case, carefully identifying new imaging ndings that are immediately useful for clinical practice. She is also a mother of two and has experienced the
challenges of returning to work after maternity leave. Despite these challenges, she
has published 27 original research papers and has been actively involved in mentoring junior colleagues.
Her representative papers are listed below. Amazingly, the rst one was nalized
right after the birth of her second child, with the newborn being cared for at the
nurse station while she worked on the nal draft:
– Umino M, Maeda M, Kogue R, etal. Evaluation of cortical supercial siderosis
in patients with cognitive dysfunction using 3D FLAIR and 3D DIR.Eur Radiol.
31: 6411–6418, 2021.
– Umino M, Maeda M, Ii Y, Tomimoto H, etal. 3D double inversion recovery MR
imaging: Clinical applications and usefulness in a wide spectrum of central ner-
vous system diseases. J Neuroradiol. 46: 107–116, 2019.
– Umino M, Maeda M, Ii Y, et al. Low-signal-intensity rim on susceptibility-
weighted imaging is not a specic nding to progressive multifocal leukoen-
cephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 362: 155–159, 2016.
– Umino M, Maeda M, Matsushima N, etal. High-signal-intensity abnormalities
evaluated by 3D uid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging within the drainage
territory of developmental venous anomalies identied by susceptibility-
weighted imaging at 3 T.Jpn J Radiol. 32: 397–404, 2014.
Here is a message from Maki Umino:
Participating in international and domestic conferences has been very inspiring
and has allowed me to exchange ideas with doctors from other institutions, providing valuable insights beyond my own institution. Seeing the success of my peers,
especially those of my generation, has been a great source of encouragement and
has motivated me to keep striving in my work.
After returning from maternity leave, it was difcult to resume research activities
due to the gap created during my absence.
312
K. Ando et al.
To continue engaging in neuroradiology in some capacity.
Even if women temporarily step away from their careers for maternity leave,
childcare leave, or fertility treatments, it is important to stay connected with the
eld, even if only through online study sessions. If possible, occasionally attending
in-person meetings can be stimulating. By doing so, I aim to stay up-to-date with
neuroradiology practices and avoid being left behind.
Minako Azuma, MD, PhD
After graduating from Kagoshima University School of Medicine in 2008, Dr
Minako Azuma trained as a radiologist at Kumamoto University, where there were
many great neuroradiologists, including Prof. Mutsumasa Takahashi, who hosted
SNR XV (1994). She is currently Professor and Chairman of the Department of
Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University. She is also a board member
of the Japan Radiological Society (JRS) and the Japanese Society for Magnetic
Resonance in Medicine (JSMRM), and a council member of the Japanese Society
of Neuroradiology (JSNR). She will serve as Program Chair for SNR XXIV (2030)
in Sapporo, Japan.
She has published papers using advanced MRI techniques such as QSM and
3DFLAIR.
Her representative papers are listed below:
– Azuma M, etal. Characterization of carotid plaque components by quantitative
susceptibility mapping. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41: 310–317, 2020.
– Azuma M, etal. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced 3D-FLAIR MR imaging for
differentiating Rathke cleft cyst from cystic craniopharyngioma. AJNR Am J
Neuroradiol. 41: 106–110, 2020.
– Azuma M, etal. Lateral asymmetry and spatial difference of iron deposition in
the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson disease measured with quantita-
tive susceptibility mapping. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37: 782–8, 2016.
Here is a message from Minako Azuma:
I was a student in the science department of Kyushu University studying marine
biology before entering medical school. My background was unusual compared to
other Japanese doctors, and I thought it might be difcult to get an academic position because of my age.
However, my mentors gave me many opportunities, and I gained experience in
presenting at conferences and writing papers. I became more condent and eager to
advance my career.
Although I was privileged to be trained as a neuroradiologist, not every young
radiologist can be in such a desirable environment. After the COVID-19 pandemic,
we had access to web meetings/conferences where we could easily connect with
specialists around the world. These systems can be invaluable in providing young
physicians with opportunities to engage in a wide range of academic activities and
to connect with potential mentors.
One of my missions is to send a message to the community that anyone can be a
successful radiologist and scientist. I believe that SNR XXIV will be an important
23
History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
313
opportunity for us to expand the capacity of this movement. I would like to create
more opportunities for young Japanese neuroradiologists to present their work at
international meetings and nurture the young leaders to become bright stars of
the future.
Shoko Hara, MD, PhD.
Dr Shoko Hara graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at Tokyo Medical and
Dental University (TMDU) in April 2010 and joined the Department of Neurosurgery
at the same university (which has been renamed the Institute of Science Tokyo as of
October 2024) (Fig.23.19). She is responsible for the clinical management and
research of all patients with moyamoya disease at her institute and has published
numerous papers in the eld of Neuroradiology. Alongside her husband working a
full-time job, she is raising two school-age children and has busy life. Dr Hara currently serves as a Junior Associate Professor in her institute, a member of the
ISMRM Annual Meeting Program Committee, a board member of the Japanese
Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and a councilor of the Japanese
Society of Neuroradiology.
Her representative papers are listed below:
– Hara S, Kikuta J, Takabayashi K, etal. Decreased diffusivity along the perivas-
cular space and cerebral hemodynamic disturbance in adult moyamoya disease.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2024. Online ahead of print.
Fig. 23.19 Shoko Hara,
MD, PhD.
314
K. Ando et al.
– Hara S, Hori M, Murata S, etal. Microstructural damage in normal-appearing
brain parenchyma and neurocognitive dysfunction in adult moyamoya disease.
Stroke. 49: 2504–2507, 2019.
– Hara S, Tanaka Y, Ueda Y, etal. Noninvasive evaluation of CBF and perfusion
delay of moyamoya disease using arterial spin-labeling MRI with multiple post-
labeling delays: comparison with 15O-gas PET and DSC-MRI. AJNR Am J
Neuroradiol. 38: 696–702, 2017.
Here is a message from Dr Shoko Hara:
As a young neurosurgeon, I began my research on ASL-MRI in moyamoya disease. I was captivated by the beautiful images and the academic, open atmosphere
of the Japanese Society of Neuroradiology and AOCNR.Since then, I have conducted various studies on MR perfusion, diffusion MRI of brain microstructures,
and nuclear medicine studies (
123
I-IMP-SPECT and 15O-PET) in cerebrovascular
diseases such as moyamoya disease.
After becoming pregnant early in my career, I was unable to work overtime for
several years. Neuroradiology research allows me to perform data analysis at home,
making it easier to balance research with childcare. These accomplishments led to
my current position, despite having fewer night shifts, less overtime and less surgical experience compared to my male peers for more than 10years due to pregnancy,
childbirth, and childcare.
My clinical and administrative duties have increased every year, leaving me with
little time for the neuroradiology research that I truly love. To balance my responsibilities at home and in the hospital, I feel I need to collaborate with neuroradiologists to continue my research, rather than trying to do everything myself as I did
during my PhD.I am fortunate to have skilled neuroradiologists with whom I can
collaborate, and I am currently running several projects.
I love continuing my research in neuroradiology because it can benet clinical
practice in patient care. Compared to my eld of neurosurgery, many women serve
as role models in various workplaces within neuroradiology. I hope that women
neuroradiologists will inuence other elds such as neurosurgery and demonstrate
how to achieve a work-life balance, advance their careers, and lead fullling professional lives.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists InKorea
Won-JinMoon
Introduction
The Korean Society of Neuroradiology (KSNR), founded in 1980 as a platform for
discussing clinical problems and advancing research in neuroradiology, initially
saw limited participation from female physicians. In the early 1990s, women
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
315
accounted for only 2 out of less than 30 neuroradiologists in Korea. However, the
landscape has transformed dramatically over the past few decades. By 2020, the
proportion of female neuroradiologists had surged to an impressive 57%.
This remarkable increase in female representation is not just about numbers.
Women in neuroradiology have consistently demonstrated exceptional expertise
across various subspecialties (brain imaging, head and neck imaging, and neurointervention), contributing tremendously to the eld’s advancement. Today, they are
actively engaged in research, clinical practice, and even hospital administration,
playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of neuroradiology in Korea.
This chapter explores the evolving role of women in the KSNR, highlighting
their invaluable contributions, the challenges they have overcome, and the future
prospects with the coming generation of young women neuroradiologists.
Gradual Change
Until the early 1990s, most female neuroradiologists in South Korea specialized in
breast, chest, or abdominal imaging. The eld of neuroradiology itself—along with
related specialties like neurosurgery, neurology, or otolaryngology—is maledominated in academia and professional societies. In the early 1990s, two female
radiologists, Dr Hye Young Choi of Ewha Woman’s University Hospital and Dr Eun
Kyung Yun of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, joined the Korean Society of
Neuroradiology (KSNR). Dr Eun Kyung Yun focused on head and neck imaging.
Although Dr Hye Young Choi initially participated in the neuroradiology society,
she later shifted her professional focus to breast imaging.
Around 2000, several young female radiologists began neuroradiology fellowship training at major academic hospitals, beginning to contribute to the diversity
of KSNR.
In 2005, Dr Hyun-Sook Kim of Eulji Hospital became the rst female to join the
KSNR executive board as a chair of the public communication committee, marking
the beginning of female leadership within the society.
The ninth executive board of the KSNR, led by Dr Sang Joon Kim from Asan
Medical Center, marked a signicant shift in 2011 by appointing four female neuroradiologists. Dr So Lyung Jung (Yeouido St Mary’s Hospital), Dr Won-Jin Moon
(Konkuk University Medical Center), Dr Jeong Hyun Lee (Asan Medical Center),
and Dr Young Hen Lee (Korea University Ansan Hospital) joined the 14-member
executive board. Since then, the participation of female neuroradiologists on the
board has steadily increased, and currently, approximately 40% (10 out of 24) of the
executive board members are women.
Furthermore, at the end of 2020, two out of the four research study groups within
the KSNR were led by women (Dr Won-Jin Moon for Aging and NeuroDegeneration
Imaging (ANDI) Study Group and Dr Sun Won Park [SNU-SMG Boramae Medical
Center] for Head and Neck Radiology Study Group), demonstrating the remarkable
participation in terms of society leadership and achievements of female
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K. Ando et al.
neuroradiologists in academic research. These then-young female neuroradiologists
played a crucial role in publishing a multicenter study on the diagnosis of thyroid
cancer in the head and neck [1].
Current Leaders
While the primary focus of female neuroradiologists was mainly in the head and
neck area, especially in the early 2000s, more recently, a growing number of women
are advancing into other neuroimaging subspecialties such as dementia and brain
tumors. Notably, the following individuals have demonstrated exceptional academic
achievements and leadership, signicantly contributing to the advancement
of KSNR.
Dr So Lyung Jung of Yeouido St Mary’s Hospital is a distinguished head and
neck imaging research scholar and an enthusiastic educator. She expanded her
research to include thyroid imaging, where her work analyzing the safety and efcacy of radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules earned her the Korean
Journal of Radiology (KJR) Most Cited Article Award [2] (Fig.23.20). She served
as the chair of the scientic committee of KSNR and is currently the president of the
Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (which branched out from KSNR), where she
continues to make signicant contributions and dedicate herself to mentoring future
generations of radiologists.
Fig. 23.20 Dr So
Lyung Jung
23
History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
317
Dr Won-Jin Moon of Konkuk University Medical Center is recognized for her
outstanding research achievements in neurodegenerative disease, particularly
Alzheimer’s disease, as evidenced by the National Research and Development Top
100 Excellence Award [3–7] (Fig.23.21). She has served as the chair of the scientic committee of KSNR and is currently chair of the international liaison committee, focusing on collaborations with international societies. She is a former section
editor for neuroradiology for the KJR and currently serves as a deputy editor for the
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (JMRI).
Dr Jeong Hyun Lee of Asan Medical Center is leading Korea’s largest head and
neck imaging fellowship program. She has contributed signicantly to advancing
the eld through her research and education in head and neck cancer imaging [8]
(Fig.23.22). Currently, she serves as the president of the Head and Neck Radiology
Study Group and is the section editor for head and neck imaging for KJR.
In addition, Dr Young Hen Lee of Korea University Ansan Hospital, who previ-
ously served as the treasurer of KSNR and is currently serving as the chair of the
health policy/practice committee of KSNR, is dedicated to academic research in
head and neck and thyroid imaging (Fig.23.23). Dr Jinna Kim of Severance Hospital
has also published numerous impactful papers in head and neck imaging [9–11]
(Fig.23.24). She previously served as the treasurer of KSNR and currently holds
director at Large of KSNR.
While not as prominent in KSNR leadership roles as some colleagues, four
women neuroradiologists deserve recognition for their signicant contributions.
Fig. 23.21 Dr WonJin Moon
318
Fig. 23.22 Jeong
Hyun Lee
K. Ando et al.
Fig. 23.23 Young Hen Lee
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
Fig. 23.24 Dr Jinna Kim
319
Dr Sun Won Park of SNU-SMG Boramae Medical Center is a leading head and
neck neuroradiologist (Fig.23.25). She is a past president of the Head & Neck
Radiology Study Group, notably serving as the rst woman to hold that position.
Dr Soo Mee Lim, a skilled neuro-interventional radiologist and hospital administrator at Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, served as KSNR Secretary General
for 1year before stepping down to become the hospital director (Fig.23.26). Dr
Hyun Jung Kim of Daejeon St. Mary Hospital, who has expertise in stroke intervention, has published impactful papers on acute stroke collateral imaging [12]
(Fig.23.27). Drs. Lim and Kim are rare examples of female neuroradiologists who
have transitioned into the neurointervention eld. Additionally, Dr Eun Ja Lee of
Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital is a dedicated educator and the chief neuroradiologist (Fig.23.28).
Bright Futures
Currently, neuroradiologists in their 30s and 40s actively contribute to the eld with
outstanding research achievements, serving as editorial board members or higher
for renowned international journals and participating as key members in international conferences. The following individuals have demonstrated exceptional academic achievements while exhibiting leadership within KSNR.They are poised to
become future leaders of our society.