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21 History of the Swedish Society of Neuroradiology and Swedish Neuroradiology…
219
with an interest in diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, head and neck radiology, and nuclear medicine, the latter mainly among head and neck radiologists.
The broad national representation of the board and its diversity in areas of interest allows SSNR to address national questions of interest and anchor decisions
broadly within national health care. For example, a current focus of the society is to
publish national recommendations on neuroradiological MRI protocols and reporting templates for main diseases and patient groups. Members of the society publish
white papers and guidelines and are involved in the development of national care
programmes and national clinical guidelines that include diagnostic and/or interventional neuroradiology.
SSNR has 231 members (45 retired) per October 2024, including 15 honorary
members. According to statistics from the Swedish National Board of Health and
Welfare (Table21.1), the number of certied neuroradiologists employed within
healthcare has increased from 46in 1995 to 145in 2022. However, the number of
colleagues working at private departments or smaller public hospitals (no data
available) who are not specialized specically in neuroradiology has also
increased. The latter potentially means that specialist competence is not necessarily used adequately.
Sweden has a population of 10.5 million inhabitants on a land area of
450,000km2 and a length from north to south of 1550km. In 2018, Sweden had
approximately 225 MRI scanners installed at approximately 90 sites (numbers are
based on communication with vendors; according to OECD Data Explorer [data-
explorer.oecd.org] 14.9 scanners per million) and according to OECD, 19 CT scan-
ners per million inhabitants. For radiology at large, these produced approximately
1,501,000 CT scans and 548,000 MR examinations in 2018, compared to 651,000
CT scans and 268,000 MR examinations in 2005. This is an increase of approximately 130% for CT and 100% for MR over 13years and these numbers have
continued to increase since [9]. For neuroradiology, there is a continuous shift
from CT to MRI.This is heavily noticeable in the clinical workow and implies a
huge challenge due to the limited number of neuroradiologists. Further, the number
of neuro-interventionists among neuroradiologists has increased and today 26
interventionists perform approximately 4000 interventions per year at seven neurointerventional centres.
Table 21.1 Statistics on neuroradiologists working in health care in Sweden 1995–2022
Neuroradiologistsa (n, %) employed:
Year In public healthcare In private healthcare Total
2022 123 (85%) 22 (15%) 145
2012 97 (84%) 18 (16%) 115
2002 61 (88%) 8 (12%) 69
1995 46 No data available 46
a
Including neurointerventionists; data collected from the statistical database of the Swedish
National Board of Health and Welfare
220
a
hi
bc de
I. M. Björkman-Burtscher et al.
The national health care development has also contributed to an increased availability of advanced radiological imaging modalities available for diagnostic and
interventional radiology and thus neuroradiology, including amongst others two 7
Tesla MR installations (Lund and Stockholm) allowing both clinical imaging and
research; four PET-MR installations (Umeå, Uppsala, Stockholm, and Gothenburg);
intra-operative MR systems; several installations with high performance gradient
MR systems; multinuclear MR systems; and 14 photon-counting CT scanners
(including one system in pre-authorization trials) in addition to a modern CT-scanner
infrastructure with multiple dual energy scanners.
Current Swedish neuroradiological research spans a wide range of topics
(Fig.21.1). On the neuro-interventional side, this includes the participation in multiple randomized controlled trials, the introduction of AI software tools in stroke
diagnosis, and the development of an inverted Seldinger technique, referred to as an
“extroducer,” for intraparenchymal access and localized treatments and biopsies.
On the diagnostic side, Sweden continues its pioneering work in CT diagnostics,
leveraging its considerable eet of photon-counting CT scanners. This includes
optimized cerebral CT angiographies with spatial resolution non-invasively matching that of conventional angiography. Notably, usage of dual-source high-pitch
photon-counting CT has also expanded the boundaries of neuroradiology when the
heart can be imaged without ECG gating at the primary CT examination for stroke
fg
Fig. 21.1 Swedish neuroradiological research spans a wide range of topics and implementation of
new technologies is one of the fundamental driving forces. Sweden has, for example, two 7 Tesla
MR installations despite its population of only ten million inhabitants—T1-weighted (a) and SWI
(b) 7 Tesla MR scans from Stockholm and TOF angiogram (c) and T2-weighted (d) and FLAIR
scans (e) from Lund. Sodium MR imaging is implemented for clinical trials in Gothenburg (f—
illustrating
imaging), and the currently 14 PCCT installations are used for both routine outpatient and emergency care (h—PCCT cerebral angiography in a patient with coiling due to a giant vertebral aneurysm and a ow diverter with patent lumen; i—pre-surgical planning temporal bone scan of a
cholesteatoma)
23
Na MRI in a low-grade glioma, g—corresponding contrast-enhanced T1-weighted
21 History of the Swedish Society of Neuroradiology and Swedish Neuroradiology…
221
calls. Another example of strong national collaborations, in conjunction with the
unique opportunities of Swedish quality registers, is where photon-counting CT of
the brain will be acquired at multiple sites as part of the national nationwide, population-based Swedish Cardiopulmonary bioimage study (SCAPIS). Notable
research within MRI includes the clinical optimization of PET-MR for neuroradiology, clinical implementation of 7 Tesla MRI, and advanced motion-correction
allowing for high-quality imaging even in small children without sedation. Future
aspirations include diversifying clinical use of CT and MRI also to the bedside of
paediatric and adult patients. This work will likely change our way of providing
neuro-intensive care, with more informed and targeted decisions. Several centres
focus on the development of advanced diffusion imaging techniques in the central
nervous system and in peripheral nerves. Other development areas include metabolic MRI, where efforts into levering GlucoCEST for non-ionizing quantication
of the brain glucose metabolism are ongoing in both Lund and Stockholm. Also,
APTw imaging is evaluated in several studies, including multicentre studies. Clinical
sodium MR research in brain diseases is further ongoing in brain tumour and epilepsy cohorts in Gothenburg.
Sweden is widely known for its many and comprehensive quality registers. For
example, the Swedish Neuro registry has excellent coverage and is the foundation
of a vast amount of research studies. The tight integration with standardized neuroradiological reporting, for example, in neuroinammatory and neurodegenerative
disorders, has been the basis for several post-authorization studies. This has, for
example, been used in proving the efcacy of anti-CD20 therapy for multiple sclerosis, which is now considered an essential drug by the WHO.Nationwide registries
for neurointerventional procedures are a further example of close collaboration
within the nation. Sweden is also a nation of early adopters of new IT tools. This has
been reected in the early implementation of digital PACS systems in the 1990s and
hospitals can today share images nationwide. Swedish neuroradiologists also pioneer the efforts in introducing brain volumetrics, AI decision support tools, and
quantitative MRI in clinical practice.
In conclusion, the Swedish Society of Neuroradiology (SSNR) has played a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of modern neuroradiology, not just in Sweden but
also globally. From pioneering advancements in diagnostic techniques like CT and
MRI to fostering a spirit of international collaboration and education, SSNR’s contributions have been profound. The society has consistently pushed the boundaries
of neuroradiological practice, ensuring that Sweden remains at the forefront of
innovation in both diagnostics and intervention. As we look to the future, SSNR’s
commitment to research, training, and multidisciplinary collaboration will continue
to shape the eld, making it not only a leader in technology but also a beacon of
clinical excellence. The legacy of the SSNR is a testament to the power of vision,
dedication, and collaboration in advancing medical science. On behalf of the board
of SSNR, the authors would like to express their gratitude to everybody contributing
to this legacy (Fig.21.2).
222
Fig. 21.2 SSNRs tribute to its members and colleagues contributing to the society’s legacy of the
last decades
I. M. Björkman-Burtscher et al.
References
1. Wikipedia. Thor Stenbeck. (in Swedish). https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Stenbeck.
Accessed 10 Oct 2024.
2. Lindgren E, Greitz T. The Stockholm school of neuroradiology. Am J Neuroradiol.
1995;16(2):351–60.
3. Hindmarsh T, Kaijser M.One hundred years of neuroradiology in Acta Radiologica: a Swedish
perspective. Acta Radiol. 2021 Nov;62(11):1451–9.
4. Lindgren E, Erik L, Lysholm R.Dictionary of Swedish National Biography. urn:sbl:9979.
Accessed 10 Oct 2024.
5. Gordon D.A note on the use of the Lysholm skull table. Br J Radiol. 1947;20(234):238–9.
6. Greitz T, Seldinger S-I.Dictionary of Swedish National Biography. urn:sbl:5858. Accessed 10
Oct 2024.
7. Nyman U, Ekberg O, Aspelin P. Torsten Almén (1931–2016): the father of non-ionic iodine
contrast media. Acta Radiol. 2016 Sep;57(9):1072–8.
8. Persson BR.Medicinska tillämpningar av kärnspinnresonans– NMR.Lund: Studentlitteratur
Lund; 1982. (Libris 7277025)
9. Swedish Radiation Safety Authority Report 2020:14– Radiologiska undersökningar i Sverige
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21 History of the Swedish Society of Neuroradiology and Swedish Neuroradiology…
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Open Access
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the copyright holder.
Part II
Women in Neuroradiology
Introduction
This part of the book represents a milestone in the history of medicine, particularly
neuroradiology, by bringing to light the often invisible contributions of women to
the advancement of this medical specialty on all continents.
The chapters are divided by continent to provide a comprehensive overview of
the trajectories of pioneers and leaders who, with their expertise and dedication,
shaped the eld of neuroradiology worldwide.
Neuroradiology, an area dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of
the central nervous system through imaging, is a complex and constantly evolving
eld. In this context, women have played a fundamental role, overcoming gender
barriers and contributing signicantly to the development of new techniques, technologies, and care protocols.
The women doctors who chose neuroradiology as a specialty studied and worked
hard, overcoming many barriers and often overcoming prejudices. In their profession, they know that medicine, like life, is a constant learning process and they never
stop learning and teaching. In their constant search for accurate imaging diagnoses
that guide precise treatments, female neuroradiologists are able to fulll the main
function of the profession, which is to try to save lives or at least try to alleviate the
suffering of patients and their families.
By exploring the life stories and scientic contributions of female neuroradiologists from different cultural backgrounds and socioeconomic contexts, we seek not
only to celebrate their achievements, but also to promote gender equality in the health
eld and inspire future generations of female doctors to follow in their footsteps.
This book is the result of meticulous research and a collaborative effort by neuroradiologist researchers from different parts of the world, who came together with
the goal of rescuing and valuing the history of women in neuroradiology. We believe
that this work will contribute to enriching knowledge about the history of medicine
and to fostering discussion about the importance of diversity and inclusion in the
health eld.
226
II Women in Neuroradiology
I would like to take this special moment to thank God rst for everything and our
families for their unconditional support. I would also like to thank all the colleagues
and friends who joined and accepted the idea of writing and including the History
of Women Neuroradiologists on each Continent as part of the book on the History
of World Neuroradiology that was already being written, although our initial idea
was to write a separate book. Our special thanks to the Executive Board of the
WFNR, especially the WFNRS President Prof. Dr. Wan-Yuo Guo and the WFNRS
President-Elect and editor of this book Prof. Dr. Daniel Birchall, as well as the
Executive Secretary of the WFNRS Prof. Dr. Pia Sundgren, the Member at Large
Prof. Dr. Paul M.Parizel and Ms. Karen Lyp (WFNRS Director of Administration)
for their support in ensuring that this part of the book on Women Neuroradiologists
was accepted and implemented. I would like to thank from the bottom of my heart
all the main authors from the continents (Prof. Dr. Kumiko Ando, Prof. Dr. Pamela
Schaefer, Prof. Dr. Clive Sperryn, Prof. Dr. Pia Sundgren and Prof. Dr. Maria Isabel
Vargas) and all our co-authors and collaborators for agreeing to collect information
and write in an extremely short time frame of 1month extended to 3months. Thus,
with enthusiasm, great good will, and determination, we were able to join forces
and collect information about the History of the most inuential Women
Neuroradiologists in the world that will be presented here.
With fraternal greetings
Chapter 22
Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
CliveWyndhamSperryn, NapoKasirye-Mbugua, SallyE.Candy,
SaharSaleem, AmalSalehNour, HasatuGbadamosi, SheilaWaa,
PhyllisMezue, HamdiMohamedIsse, ThandiEuniceButhelezi,
GopolangMndebele, UgumbaMussaKwikima, ValeriaNabossa,
RitaNassanga, andSarahB.Nshimbi
Abbreviations
AKUHN Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi
ASHNR American Society of Head & Neck Radiology
ASNR American Society of Neuroradiology
BMGF Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
BSNR British Society of Neuroradiologists
C. W. Sperryn (*)
Morton and Partners Inc., Vincent Pallotti Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
e-mail: clive.sperryn@morton.co.za
N. Kasirye-Mbugua
Department of Radiology, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
S. E. Candy
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Groote Schuur Hospital/University of Cape Town,
Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
S. Saleem
Department of Radiology, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine-Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
e-mail: saharsaleem@kasralainy.edu.eg
A. S. Nour
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa
University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
e-mail: amal.saleh@aau.edu.et
H. Gbadamosi
Department of Radiology, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
Department of Radiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
e-mail: hgbadamosi@ug.edu.gh
S. Waa
Department of Radiology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
e-mail: Sheila.ponda@aku.edu
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_22
227© The Author(s) 2026
228
C. W. Sperryn et al.
CAMERA Chan Zuckerberg funded Consortium for Advancement of MRI
Education and Research in Africa
CHBAH Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital
CME Continuing Medical Education
CUBIC Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre
EDiHNNR European Diploma in Head and Neck Neuroradiology
EDiINR European Diploma in Interventional Neuroradiology
EDiNR European Diploma in Neuroradiology
EDiPNR European Diploma in Paediatric Neuroradiology
ESNR European Society of Neuroradiology
GCPS Ghana College of Physicians & Surgeons
GDC Guglielmi Detachable Coil
HPCSA Health Professions Council of South Africa
IALCH Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital
ISMRM International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
KBTH Korle Bu Teaching Hospital
PACS Picture Archiving and Communication System
RIS Radiology information system
RSNA Radiological Society of North America
RSSA Radiological Society of South Africa
RXH Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital
P. Mezue
Everlight Radiology, London, UK
H. M. Isse
Department of Radiology, Sahan Diagnostic Center, Mogadishu, Banadir, Somalia
T. E. Buthelezi
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital,
Johannesburg, South Africa
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
e-mail: Thandi.Buthelezi@wits.ac.za
G. Mndebele
Department of Radiology, Nelson Mandela Children’s Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
e-mail: gopolang.mndebele@nmch.org.za
U. M. Kwikima
Department of Radiology, Lugalo Military Hospital & Muhimbili University of Health and
Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
V. Nabossa · R. Nassanga
Department of Radiology, Uganda Cancer Institute and Makerere University College of
Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
e-mail: valeria.nabbosa@uci.or.ug
S. B. Nshimbi
Department of Radiology, University Teaching Hospitals– Adult Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
22 Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
229
SANIS South African Neurointerventional Society
SASNI South African Society of Neurological Imaging
SASPI South African Society of Paediatric Imaging
SNOSSA Society for Neuro-Oncology subSaharan Africa
UCT University of Cape Town
VGH Vancouver General Hospital
WACS West African College of Surgeons
WFNRS World Federation of Neuroradiological Societies
WFPI World Federation of Paediatric Imaging
Africa is the continent with the smallest number of radiologists per capita. This
chapter is an incomplete window on remarkable women in neuroradiology in Africa
which highlights success and challenges. These women function as crucial role
models. There is tremendous opportunity for wealthier countries where neuroradiology is well established to support institutions and individuals in the developing
world through subsidisation of online teaching and evaluation platforms, attendance
at international conferences and collaborative research and training endeavours.
The real benets of collaborations are illustrated in the stories from Ethiopia and
Tanzania where collaborative Neuroradiology Fellowships have been established.
Uganda is on the threshold of establishing a collaborative Neuroradiology
Fellowship. Ghana is taking early steps. Kenya has one Fellowship trained neuroradiologist and one in head and neck. There is just one in Nigeria. Bold radiologists in
Somalia and Zambia provide a remarkable service despite the absence of formal
neuroradiology fellowships. In South Africa, despite a greater number of neuroradiologists, much of the neuroradiology work is still done by general radiologists. This
chapter highlights that there is enormous potential for future collaborations, emulating those already established to make a real difference in numerous countries
in Africa.
Egypt
The science and art of medicine have long been integral to Egypt’s rich history, with
ancient practices highlighting some of the most advanced medical knowledge of
their time. Women like Peseshet, a physician from the 5th Dynasty (2494–2345BC),
exemplied this legacy, serving as overseers of female physicians and signicantly
contributing to medical practice. This historical backdrop paved the way for modern
medical education in Egypt, notably with the establishment of institutions like Kasr
Al-Ainy Medical School in 1827. Today, this legacy continues through exemplary
gures like Dr Sahar Saleem (Fig.22.1), a prominent Egyptian neuroradiologist,
whose work has signicantly advanced the eld both locally and globally. Dr
Saleem began her journey at Kasr Al-Ainy, where she earned her master’s and
Medical Doctorate in Radiology, culminating in a PhD focused on Neuroradiology.