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260
Fig. 22.29 Dr Ruth Phiri
C. W. Sperryn et al.
22 Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
Fig. 22.30 Dr Juliet
Mulopwe
261
Summary
Women are achieving more in terms of academic accomplishment and are increasingly seen in positions of leadership and inuence. This provides mentorship and
inspiration for younger women as they rise in their careers.
As in other demanding professions, women can achieve only if they have strong
support systems. Childcare and domestic responsibilities still lie with women.
Despite the relative increase in women in medicine, hospitals and employers are not
required by law to provide adequate childcare facilities. In Africa, affordable childcare exists but sets up a continued system of exploitation, undermining the advancement of women in society. Job-sharing and working from home are suited to the
practice of neuroradiology but are uncommon.
The demand for imaging far outstrips the capacity for specialist reporting. Most
neuroimaging, both in private and government practice in Africa, is and will continue to be reported by generalists.
Plain lm is not routinely reported in state hospitals in South Africa. Many state
institutions have no radiologist. Increasingly, CT scanners are being installed in
government-run/public hospitals which are unable to attract adequate radiology
stafng. Widespread subspecialisation is unlikely in this environment.
262
Fig. 22.31 Dr Sarah
Nshimbi-Makaliki
C. W. Sperryn et al.
However, as seen by the examples given, there has been a slow but denite shift
towards female subspecialisation in several African countries. Despite the difculties described, women are nding opportunities for networking that allow the development of professional and educational relationships which open pathways for
further education and skill development. It behoves wealthier countries where neuroradiology is well established to support institutions and individuals in the developing world. This may be in the form of subsidisation of online teaching and
evaluation platforms, attendance at international conferences, and collaborative
research endeavours.
Programmes such as the Anne G. Osborn International Outreach Professor
Program supported by ASNR have the advantage of exposing the visitor rst-hand
to the societal and healthcare problems and radiological priorities.
A major step forward has been the formation of the 2022 ISMRM African
Chapter. This was the culmination of several years of work on the part of a subcommittee of Africa-based academics in the Mbarara University of Science and
Technology Mbarara, Uganda and made possible by the Chan Zuckerberg funded
Consortium for Advancement of MRI Education and Research in Africa (CAMERA).
Strategic partnerships have been forged between the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation (BMGF) and the ISMRM aimed at enhancing global access to MR education with a focus on bridging the gap between developed and developing countries.
22
Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
263
Acknowledging the nancial constraints facing African academics, Phase 1
brought together 100 fully funded delegates to attend the 2023 ISMRM in Toronto.
Fifty of these were from the Gates ‘Unity Project’ and 50 from the Africa Chapter
(chosen by the founders of the chapter) and representing equal numbers of male and
female, MDs and PhDs, radiographers, and technicians, senior and juniors and representing the entire African continent.
Phase 2 will be the establishment of ‘Knowledge Exchange Fellowships’ where
members from high income countries will partner with sites in the LMIC to improve
MRI technology education and patient care in the Global South.
In the words of one of the founders, Dr Udunna Anazondo, a female Nigerian
neuroscientist presently working in Montreal “The ISMRM African Chapter repre-
sents tenacity in the face of complex challenges. It stands as a testament of the
capacity to mobilize a global scientic community to effect transformative change.”
And a colleague based in Zambia adds: “As an African I am proud of this bold
step in ISMRM leadership to change the narrative about Africa and contribute to
the MRI knowledge base of scientists in the region. The journey of a thousand miles
starts with a step and you have taken a leap.”
The rst meeting of the ISMRM African chapter was held in Ghana in Sept 2023;
the next will be in Tanzania in Sept 2024 and the annual ISMRM meeting is scheduled to take place at the Cape Town International Conference Centre in South Africa
in 2026. This is expected to draw a wide audience of scientists, academics, and clinicians from all over the world. With careful planning, this may provide the ideal
platform to highlight women’s contributions to neuroradiology both on the African
continent and abroad.
The future (of women in neuroradiology) is ‘bright’, a phase reiterated by all the
women interviewed for this piece. We must ensure that the light never dims—aluta
continua!
Acknowledgements Anne G.Osborn International Outreach Professor Program
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Chan Zuckerberg funded Consortium for Advancement of MRI Education and Research
in Africa
Derek Harwood Nash Scholarship
Emory University, Atlanta.
ISMRM African Chapter
American Society of Paediatric Neuroradiology educational scholarship (ASPNR).
McMasters University
‘Road to IR’ international faculty
RSNA International Visiting Professors programme
RSNA Global Learning Centre
University of Rochester, NewYork
University of Utah
University of Vermont
Vanderbilt University Medical Centre
Dr Frank Minja (Emory University)
264
Prof. Patricia Hudgins (Emory University)
Drs Michael Pochen (University of Rochester University, NY),
Prof Doris Lin (Johns Hopkins, Baltimore)
Dr Jill Wruble (Johns Hopkins, Baltimore)
Prof. Gretchen Birbeck (University of Rochester)
Prof. Andrea Rossi
Prof. James Barkovich
C. W. Sperryn et al.
References
Links
Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi: http://hospitals.aku.edu/nairobi/Pages/default.aspx
Cairo University: https://cu.edu.eg/Home
Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre: https://cubic.uct.ac.za/
Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital: https://www.chrishanibaragwanathhospital.co.za/
Health Professions Council of South Africa: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/
Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital: https://www.ialch.co.za/
Kenyatta National Hospital: https://knh.or.ke/
Levy Mwanawasa University Hospital, Lusaka: https://lmmu.ac.zm/
Makerere University: https://www.mak.ac.ug/
Mbarara University of Science and Technology: https://www.must.ac.ug/
Muhimbili University Dar es Salaam: https://www.mnh.or.tz/
National Hospital Abuja: https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/
Radiological Society of South Africa: https://rssa.co.za/
Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital: https://www.childrenshospitaltrust.org.za/
the- hospital/
Sahan Diagnostic Centre, Mogadishu: https://sahandiagnostic.com/
School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University: https://www.aau.edu.et/chs/
Soc. of Neuro-oncology of subSaharan Africa: https://snossa.org/
South African Medical Research Council: https://www.samrc.ac.za/
South African Neurointervention Society: http://www.sanis.co.za/
Uganda Cancer Institute: https://uci.or.ug/
University of Cape Town: https://uct.ac.za/
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adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
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Chapter 23
History ofWomen inNeuroradiology
inAsia Oceania
KumikoAndo, PatrciaDesmond, LouXin, ChristinaAndica,
SriAndreaniUtomo, MohitAgarwal, Won-JinMoon ,
NorlisahMohdRamli, LingLingChan, Chao-BaoLuo, NitayaSuwanwela,
Laetitiade Villiers, Lee-AnneSlater, LesleyCala, andPatriciaDesmond
Introduction
KumikoAndo
Hello, my name is Kumiko Ando. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to everyone who contributed to the creation of this chapter. I am not an active
researcher but rather a clinical neuroradiologist. However, I had the chance to meet
Professor Maria de Fátima Aragão, who is leading the History of Women
Neuroradiologists project, when I was at Mt. Sinai Hospital in NewYork in 2007,
and now I have the opportunity to work on the Asia and Oceania chapter. At that
time, Mt. Sinai welcomed students from various regions around the world, regardless of gender. Now, as I compile the Asia and Oceania chapter, it has been a great
pleasure to learn about the remarkable achievements of some of these individuals.
K. Ando (*)
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital,
Kobe, Japan
P. Desmond · P. Desmond
Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
e-mail: Patricia.Desmond@mh.org.au
L. Xin
Department of Radiology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital,
Beijing, China
C. Andica
Faculty of Health Data Science, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine,
Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
S. A. Utomo
Department of Radiology, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_23
265© The Author(s) 2026
266
K. Ando et al.
In this chapter, we introduce the history of women in neuroradiology in Asia and
Oceania. Asia and Oceania are vast regions, with numerous countries and regions,
each facing signicantly different circumstances. In some areas, the subspecialty of
neuroradiology is not yet fully recognized. However, it is clear that women in radiology and neuroradiology across the region have overcome various challenges to
reach their current positions. While we may not be able to cover every region comprehensively, we hope this chapter will help more people learn about the history of
women in neuroradiology in Asia and Oceania, contribute to addressing ongoing
challenges, and support the future development of the eld.
We will introduce each region in alphabetical order.
M. Agarwal
Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
W.-J. Moon
Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of
Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
N. M. Ramli
University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
College of Radiology, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia and Malaysian Society of
Radiologists, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Asian Oceanian Society of Radiology Akriti Baral, MD,
Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
L. L. Chan
Department of Neuroradiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General
Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
C.-B. Luo
Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
N. Suwanwela
Department of Radiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Chulalongkorn
University Medical School, Bangkok, Thailand
L. de Villiers
Department of Radiology, Monash Health and School of Clinical Sciences Monash
University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Department Neurointerventional Radiology, Gold Coast University Hospital,
Southport, QLD, Australia
Qscan Radiology Clinics, Neutex Image Guided Surgical and Robotics Training Centre,
Southport, QLD, Australia
e-mail: laetitia.devilliers@health.qld.gov.au
L.-A. Slater · L. Cala
Department of Radiology, Monash Health and School of Clinical Sciences Monash
University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
267
Women inNeuroradiology andNeurointervention inAustralia
Laetitiade Villiers, Lee-AnneSlater, LesleyCala and PatriciaDesmond
Neurointerventional radiology has a rich history in Australia with Australian neurointerventionists generally regarded as innovative, highly skilled, and early adopters
of new technology and evidence-based research while maintaining high ethical
standards and patient care. Although the specialty is predominantly male dominated
in Australia and New Zealand, there are several women who early on recognized the
wide scope, exciting technology, incredible challenges, and rewards interventional
neuroradiology brings along with the amazing results that can be achieved for
patients. These women, early on in the specialty’s existence, actively pursued
advanced training, grasped available opportunities, and created opportunities where
there were none, and as a result became an integral part of neurointervention in
Australia and worldwide. The rst woman in Australia to pursue a fellowship and
career in neurointervention was Dr Rebecca Scroop who gained an advanced fellowship in neurointervention at the University of Washington and Harbor view in
Seattle, USA and then returned to the Royal Adelaide Hospital in 2003 and was
integral in establishing and is the director of the neurointerventional service at the
Royal Adelaide Hospital.
Dr Laetitia de Villiers
Dr Laetitia de Villiers, inspired by her colleagues, and excited by the emerging specialty, initially completed a fellowship in Interventional Radiology at the Princess
Alessandra Hospital in 2006. She then went on to gain an advanced fellowship in
neuroradiology and neurointervention in 2007 at Mount Sinai Medical Center,
NewYork, and on her return to Australia initially worked as a consultant at Princess
Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane but shortly afterward joined her colleague Dr Hal
Rice at the Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland where she
pursued her interest in new technologies. Dr de Villiers and Dr Rice contested and
won a bid to cohost the World Federation of Interventional and Therapeutic
Neuroradiology (WFITN) 13th World Congress on the Gold Coast in 2015, a hugely
successful conference that had never before been held in Australia. 2015 was the
year that the trials conrming that endovascular thrombectomy with intravenous
lysis was superior to intravenous lysis alone in treating acute ischemic stroke, resulting in one of the greatest advancements in medicine in recent history changing the
lives of patients suffering from an acute stroke. One of these pivotal trials was performed in Australia (Extend IA, Campbell etal)) run from the Royal Melbourne
Hospital with multiple centers across Australia contributing. This changed the specialty of neurointervention dramatically across the world with a sudden increase in
demand for time sensitive acute thrombectomy in AIS, resulting in exponential service demand being placed on the INR workforce.
The specialty of neurointervention at this stage was growing and rapidly advancing across the world and in Australia and New Zealand, and together with her
268
K. Ando et al.
colleague, Dr Hal Rice, they established the Gold Coast University Hospital as an
international site for introducing cutting edge technologies in neurointervention,
collaborating in research and with industry, in device development, rst in human
and post market trials. It was therefore a natural choice for the neurointervention
department at the Gold Coast Hospital to become the second site in the world to
receive the rst endovascular robotic system used in neurointervention and Dr de
Villiers was the rst women in the world to perform a robotic endovascular intracranial aneurysm treatment.
Being relentlessly curious and dissatised with the status quo, Dr de Villiers
remains passionate about neurointervention as a specialty and what it brings to
patients and physicians alike. As a result, she cohosts regular training workshops in
Advanced Neuroendovascular Techniques for national and international neuroendovascular specialists, and cofounded the Gold Coast Fellows Training Course for
Australian and New Zealand Neurointerventional advanced trainees. In 2009, the
annual Australian and New Zealand Neurointerventional M&M meeting,
NeuroExchange, was established by her colleague Dr Hal Rice (Gold Coast) and Dr
Jason Wenderoth (Sydney) and she has co-hosted this meeting for the past 5 years.
This conference brings INRs from across Australia and New Zealand together,
where their most challenging and difcult cases are discussed and learned from in a
collegiate environment. Dr de Villiers is currently a member of the RANZCR
Interventional Radiology Committee and involved in other RANZCR committees
developing the new training pathways and curriculum, and accreditation, for interventional and neurointerventional radiology in Australia and New Zealand and sits
on the ANZSNR council. She is a regular invited keynote speaker at national and
international meetings.
Dr de Villiers recently co-founded NeuTex (Image Guided Therapy, Surgical and
Robotics Training center) at the Gold Coast Health and Knowledge Precinct. A
facility dedicated to innovation, research, and training that utilizes state-of-the-art
medical imaging equipment and 3D printing to precisely replicate surgical treatments for training and biomedical innovation. The NeuTex center regularly hosts
specialists from across Australia and throughout the Asia Pacic region for hands
on training and workshops enabling international collaboration bringing together
colleagues from the Asia Pacic region and introducing new technology.
Dr Lee-Anne Slater (Fig.23.1)
Dr Lee-Anne Slater completed fellowships at Monash Health in Victoria, Australia
from 2012 to 2014 under the guidance of Dr Winston Chong, Dr Michael Holt and
Dr Ronil Chandra. She then went to Toronto, Canada to gain further experience in
adult neurointervention, but to also gain invaluable exposure to pediatric neurointervention to bring back to Monash Health and the Monash Children’s hospital. She
completed her fellowship through the University of Toronto with placements at
Toronto Western Hospital and The Hospital for Sick Children. In addition to the
endovascular component of her fellowship, Dr Slater received a broad experience in
vertebroplasty and was able to bring that skillset back to Australia. She returned to
Australia to take on a full-time position at Monash Health in July 2015 and has been
23 History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inAsia Oceania
Fig. 23.1 Dr Lee-Anne
Slater
269
growing an adult and pediatric service since then in addition to a busy vertebroplasty service. Inspired by Dr de Villiers academic and research activity and portfolio, she too began to develop her own academic career with a particular interest in
new technologies. She completed her rst trial as coordinating phase one (PI) with
Dr de Villiers one of the site PI’s of this study, speaking of the collaboration that
exists and is being fostered amongst the women in neurointervention in Australia.
She currently sits on the ANZSNR council and has a role in committees helping
establish the accreditation of training programs for neurointervenion and is a director of training for the diagnostic radiology program at Monash Health.
Dr Kate Mahady
These three leading women in neurointervention in Australia, established a trend
which helped inspire and encourage other women to consider joining the specialty
and to be empowered to contribute to the interventional neuroradiology community
across the country. Dr Kate Mahady came from the UK to Australia, for a fellowship
in neurointervention at the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital and is now the
director of neurointervention at that hospital. She has a strong interest in pediatric
neurointervention. Dr Grace Aw (Royal Brisbane Hospital), Dr Alice Ma (Royal
North Shore Hospital), and Dr Ruchi Kabra (Royal Perth Hospital) subsequently