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- •Preface
- •WFNRS 2022–2026 ExCom
- •Acknowledgments
- •Stories from Across the World of Neuroradiology
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1955—The IVth SNR—London (UK)—James William Douglas Bull
- •1957—The Vth SNR—Brussels (BE)—Donald Lane McRae
- •1961—The VIth SNR—Rome (IT)—Giovanni Ruggiero
- •1964—The VIIth SNR—New York City/USA—Juan Manuel Taveras
- •1967—The VIIIth SNR—Paris/FR—Hermann Fischgold
- •1939—The Ist SNR—Antwerp (Belgium)—Rudolph Thienpondt
- •1949—The IInd SNR—Rotterdam—Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes
- •1952—The IIIrd SNR—Stockholm (Sweden)—Erik Lindgren
- •1970—The IXth SNR—Göteborg/SE—Ingmar Wickbom
- •1974—The Xth SNR—Punta del Este/UY—Néstor Azambuja
- •1978—The XIth SNR—Wiesbaden/DE—Sigurd Wende
- •1982—The XIIth SNR—Washington DC/US—Giovanni Di Chiro
- •1986—The XIIIth SNR—Stockholm/SE—Torgny Greitz
- •1990—The XIVth SNR—London—Edward Philip George Houssemayne du Boulay
- •1994—The XVth SNR—Kumamoto/JP—Mutsumasa Takahashi
- •1998—The XVIth SNR—Philadelphia/PA, USA—Sadek Kamel Hilal
- •2002—The XVIIth SNR—Paris/FR—Luc Picard
- •2010—The XIXth SNR—Bologna/ITA—Marco Leonardi
- •2018—The XXIst SNR—Taipei/TWN—Wan-Yuo Guo
- •2022—The XXIInd SNR—New York City/NY, USA—Mauricio Castillo
- •2026—The XXIIIrd SNR—London—Tarek Yousry
- •Final Thoughts
- •Further Reading
- •Practice/Advocacy
- •Education/Training
- •Annual Meeting
- •Publications
- •Governance
- •ASNR Executive Leadership
- •ASNR Physician Leadership
- •ASNR Executive Committee
- •ASNR Committee Structure
- •Research
- •ASNR Research Committee
- •Conclusion
- •Founding Members
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Second Congress: Taipei 1997
- •Third Congress: Adelaide 1999
- •Fourth Congress: Seoul 2001
- •World Wide Web Presence
- •Fifth Congress: Shanghai 2004
- •Sixth Congress: Singapore 2007
- •Seventh Congress: Bali 2009
- •Eighth Congress: Bangkok 2012
- •Ninth Congress: Cebu 2014
- •Tenth Congress: Fukuoka 2015
- •Eleventh Congress: Beijing 2017
- •Twelfth Congress & XXI Symposium Neuroradiologicum: Taipei 2018
- •Thirteenth Congress: Seoul Online 2021
- •Fourteenth Congress: Singapore 2023
- •Working Together
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The Beginning
- •Post 1990
- •Training
- •Society Presidents
- •Current Status
- •Publications
- •Conclusion
- •Introduction
- •Organization
- •Annual Meetings
- •Training
- •Academia
- •References
- •The Recent History (2018 Until Now)
- •The Old Became New
- •References
- •Early Days
- •1990s
- •Year 2000 Onwards
- •Academic Subcommittee
- •Standards Subcommittee
- •BSNR Constitution
- •Online Presence
- •Conclusion
- •Statistics
- •Stroke Treatment
- •Organizational Structures
- •Young Neuroradiology-Junge Neuroradiologie (JUNRAD)
- •References
- •Pediatric Section
- •WFNRS
- •AINR: Associazione Italiana di Neuroradiologia
- •Hospital Departments
- •Neuroradiology Departments 2023
- •International Relationships
- •Italian Neuroradiologists Abroad
- •Lost Colleagues 1990–2023
- •The Future
- •National Congresses (Before 1990)
- •National Congresses After 1990
- •Membership Composition
- •Leadership
- •Legal Status
- •Standing Committees
- •Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Events
- •Kato Prize
- •Website
- •Foreign Honorary Members
- •Logo
- •Future Prospects
- •Introduction
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •References
- •The Context
- •The Early Years
- •Diagnostic Neuroradiology
- •Paediatric Neuroradiology
- •Neuro-intervention
- •The Future
- •References
- •References
- •References
- •References
- •Egypt
- •Introduction
- •Ethiopia
- •Ghana
- •Kenya
- •Nigeria
- •Somalia
- •South Africa
- •Paediatric Neuroradiology
- •Interventional Neuroradiology
- •Diagnostic Neuroradiology
- •Tanzania
- •Uganda
- •Paediatric Neuroradiology
- •Interventional Neuroradiology
- •Zambia
- •Summary
- •References
- •Links
- •Introduction
- •Pioneers
- •Promising Talents
- •Introduction
- •Gradual Change
- •Current Leaders
- •Bright Futures
- •Persistent Problems
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Description
- •Description
- •Description
- •Introduction
- •Description
- •Mentorship
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Further Reading
- •Croatia
- •Germany
- •Italy
- •Spain
- •Switzerland
- •The Netherlands
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Leadership
- •Education
- •Biographical Sketches

410
M. I. Vargas et al.
Prof. Dr. M. (Marion) Smits (born 1972)
Marion Smits is a professor and head of neuroradiology at Erasmus MC—
University Medical Center Rotterdam (NL). She combines research with clinical
work with a particular focus on neuro-oncology at the Brain Tumor Center of the
Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam (NL). In addition, Marion has an honorary
appointment as professor of Neuroradiology at the Faculty of Applied Sciences of
Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) and a Medical Delta Professorship with
the aim of advancing technological innovations in healthcare. Marion is chairman of
the Research Committee and a member of the Executive Council of the European
Society of Radiology, chairman of Research and International Relations, and a board
member of the Radiological Society of the Netherlands, former chairman of the
Brain Tumor Group Imaging Committee and of the Imaging Group of the European
Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). She is a former president of the European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology
(ESMRMB) (2020) and of the Dutch Society of Neuroradiology (2018–2021).
She received honorary membership in the American Society of Neuroradiology
in recognition of her outstanding contributions to the eld of neuroradiology. In
2021, she was named “most inuential radiology researcher” by AuntMinnie
Europe. In 2022, she received a senior fellowship from both the ESMRMB and the
International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) in London for
her groundbreaking work at the intersection of technical innovation and clinical
neuroradiology. She received many awards and grants. In 2007, she received the
Lourens Penning Prize and in 2023 a Vici personal grant from ZonMw.

24 Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
411

412
M. I. Vargas et al.
Prof. Dr. L. (Liesbeth) Reneman (born 1968)
Liesbeth Reneman is Professor of Translational Neuroradiology and
Neuroradiologist at the Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC in
Amsterdam (NL). She worked as a post-doctoral research fellow at top universities
and laboratories abroad (including Johns Hopkins Medical Institution and Imperial
College) and currently heads the “Translational Neuroradiology” research group.
Examining the effects of drugs and medications (such as ecstasy, amphetamine, chemotherapy, methylphenidate, and antidepressants) on the brain and behavior using a
highly multidisciplinary and translational approach is at the heart of her work. Her
innovative work provides critical insights into the benets and risks of psychotropic
drugs on the brain (in development), with applications in personalized medicine and
the novel eld of psychoradiology. She is a former program leader of the Brain
Imaging research program within the Amsterdam Neuroscience research organization. Her work has received many grants and prizes, including the Hersenstichting
Trofee voor de Wetenschap, the European Marie Curie Award (Society of Nuclear
Medicine) and several personal grants, including a Fullbright OiO Grant.

24 Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
413
Women inNeuroradiology: Turkey
AysenurCila and IsilSaatci
Women inNeuroradiology inTurkey
Even though the rst use of an X-Ray device dates back to the Ottoman Crimean
War in 1895, the use of X-Ray-based radiology only became widespread at the end
of the 1950s in the modern Turkish Republic. Unfortunately, there exists no comprehensive or published record detailing the initiation and evolution of neuroradiology in Turkey. The rst CT was installed in 1976, whereas the rst MRI machine
was set up in 1988.
Until the 1980s, neurologists and neurosurgeons took the lead in the performance
of X-Ray-related neuroradiological examinations, such as air ventriculography and
percutaneous cerebral angiography, among whom female neurologists, Dr.
Hayrünnisa Denktaş from Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty and Dr.
Sara Bahar from Istanbul University Capa Medical Faculty, took part along with
their male counterparts. In 1980, Istanbul University published the rst angiography
book in Turkish, authored by Prof. Dr. Hayrünnisa Denktaş and Prof. Dr. Sabahattin
Kerimoğlu. Around this time, very few female radiologists were in this maledominated eld. With the second generation of CT devices becoming available in
the early 1980s, many residents—including several women—were attracted to the
eld of radiology.
Zerrin Yetkin from Ege University in İzmir and Canan Erzen from Ankara
University took on pioneering roles in neuroradiology. In their residencies, they
started working primarily with CT, but their close collaboration with neurosurgeons
led them to take up neuroradiology, turning them into experts in their eld. Professor
Yetkin has spearheaded the functional MRI and resting-state functional MRI at the
Medical College of Wisconsin, and still works at the University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center. Professor Erzen worked in Hacettepe University
(Ankara) and Marmara University (Istanbul), where she contributed heavily to both
research and the education of new generations of neuroradiologists till her
retirement.
Following in these footsteps were Aysenur Cila from Hacettepe University and
Nilgun Yunten from the Ege University. Both women became leaders in the eld
through their research productivity, lively teaching styles, and incredible work
ethic. Their passion for neuroradiology and its education attracted many brilliant
medical residents to the eld, who have gone on to advance the area through their
inventions and research contributions. After her training on MRI in Rotterdam in
1991, Aysenur Cila focused on MRI and she has always been very inuential in
establishing contemporary MR Imaging and a mentor in this eld. Another female
neuroradiologist in the same period was Emel Ada, who had one year of diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology training in France under the mentorship of

414
M. I. Vargas et al.
Prof. Manelfe in University of Toulouse in 1991. When she was back home in
Izmir, she started to work as a diagnostic and interventional neuroradiologist at
Dokuz Eylul University, where she has been working as a diagnostic neuroradiologist since 2002.
Isil Saatci (Fig. 24.8), who did her neuroradiology fellowship at Georgetown
University, USA, in 1991–1992, was the rst female to do a formal neuroradiology
fellowship and continued her career in Turkey. In Hacettepe University, where she
had graduated from Medical School and had done her residency, she rst started to
work both in interventional and diagnostic neuroradiology, pediatric neuroradiology
in particular, and had many publications. With the increasing workload of interventional neuroradiology, she became dedicated to interventional neuroradiology and
created advanced endovascular treatment techniques. International workshops were
organized in her institution in which she trained many physicians in these treatment
techniques. For many years, she has been travelling worldwide to train neurointerventionists in advanced cerebral aneurysm and AVM treatments. After several years of
international live case workshops (Anatolian Course of Interventional Neuroradiology
between 2006 and 2008; co-partner with LINNC 2009–2011), she and her colleagues
started the World Live Neurovascular Conference (WLNC) in 2013, which rotates
around the world, being held in a different continent every year to serve for the education and training in the eld of interventional neuroradiology. She is among the
founders of CREF (Cerebrovascular Research and Education Foundation), which
supports neurointerventionists with limited nancial resources. She took part in
Fig. 24.8 Dr. Isil Saatci

24
Women’s Contribution totheWorld History ofNeuroradiology: Europa Chapter
415
several international studies and worked as the Section Editor of Interventional
Neuroradiology in the NEURORADIOLOGY for several years. Currently, she is an
Associate Editor of Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery (JNIS). She is the Chair
of Interventional Neuroradiology in European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR)
executive committee. She is organizing courses, webinars worldwide and participating in international meetings, serving to the purpose of INR training.
There are several female neuroradiologists, namely Kader Karlı Oğuz and Burce
Ozgen from Hacettepe University, Yelda Ozsunar from Aydin Menderes University,
Serra Sencer from Çapa University-Istanbul, and many others in the next generation
to follow, who are subspecialized and very actively working in their academic environments. Professor Karlı Oğuz, doing a fellowship at University of John Hopkins
in 2001, focusing on functional MRI, conducted multidisciplinary research on MRI
studies, surgery, and neuroscience; worked as an adjunct professor at the National
Magnetic Resonance Research Center along with Hacettepe University for several
years. Currently, she continues her work at UC Davis Medical Center in Sacramento,
California. Burce Ozgen who had her fellowships in Neuroradiology in Harvard
University and in Head and Neck Radiology, currently works in University of
Illinois at Chicago.
There are currently 132 female members of the Turkish Society of Neuroradiology,
which was founded in 1991, 50 of whom are in an academic environment. Two of
them, Prof. Ozlem Alkan and Prof. Gülgün Yılmaz Ovalı, are currently in the
Executive Committee of the Society, working very actively to advance the subspeciality of neuroradiology further. We owe a great deal to all the above- mentioned
women and many others for establishing and advancing the eld of neuroradiology
in our country and contributing to our eld worldwide.
Readers are suggested to contact the corresponding author for gures if needed.
Further Reading
Croatia
1. Simunic S, Glavina K, Besenski N, Klaric-Custovic R. Croatian Society of Radiology
(1928-2008), the Croatian Medical Association– 80 years of existence and activity. Radiol
Oncol. 2011;45(2):147–58.
Germany
2. Zanella FE.Geschichte der Neuroradiologie in Deutschland. Clin Neuroradiol. 2015;25(Suppl
2):97–100.
3. URL: https://www.hpk.uni- hamburg.de/resolve/id/cph_person_00001134. Downloaded on
02.08.2024.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062- 015- 0456- 1.

416
4. Warmuth-Metz M, Kuhl J, Krauss J, Solymosi L.Subdural enhancement on postoperative spinal MRI after resection of posterior cranial fossa tumours. Neuroradiology. 2004;46:219–23.
5. URL: https://scholar.google.de/scholar?hl=de&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Ulrike+Ernemann&btnG=
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6. URL: https://www.medizin.uni- tuebingen.de/de/dasklinikum/einrichtungen/zentren/
zentrum- fuer- vaskulaere- anomalien.
7. URL: https://scholar.google.de/citations?hl=de&user=kDXPRHIAAAAJ.
8. URL: https://www.snri.ch/.
9. URL: https://scholar.google.de/citations?hl=de&user=BV5PGX4AAAAJ.
10. URL: https://www.dgnr.org/de- DE/37/vorstand- und- ausschuesse.
11. URL: https://www.hahn- institut.de/de.
12. URL: https://scholar.google.de/scholar?hl=de&as_sdt=0,5&q=Elke+Gizewski.
13. URL: https://scholar.google.de/citations?hl=de&user=g91VDEQAAAAJ.
14. URL: https://www.esmint.eu/about/women- in- neurointervention/.
15. URL: https://scholar.google.de/citations?hl=de&user=aADB2tAAAAAJ.
16. Linn J, Halpin A, Demaerel P, Ruhland J, Giese AD, Dichgans M, van Buchem MA, Bruckmann
H, Greenberg SM.Prevalence of supercial siderosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 2010;74:1346–50. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dad605.
M. I. Vargas et al.
Italy
17. https://www.dati.salute.gov.it/it/dataset/elenco- nazionale- direttori/.
18. Giovagnoni A, Gandolfo N, Miele V.Women in radiology: the SIRM believes in equal opportunity. Radiol Med. 2022;127(3):225–7.
2022 Mar 23. PMID: 35320463; PMCID: PMC8940974.
19. https://cercauniversita.mur.gov.it/php5/docenti/cerca.php.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547- 022- 01474- 9. Epub
Spain
20. Martinez C, Pastor R, de la Pascua M, Tavera S.Mujeres en la historia de España: enciclopedia
biográca. Barcelona: Planeta; 2007.
21. Gallar P.Sobre las radiólogas españolas. Madrid: L&C Diseño; 2005.
22. Consejo General de Colegios Ociales de Médicos de España. Mujeres pioneras en la
medicina española. 2022. Disponible en: https://www.cgcom.es/sites/main/les/minisite/sta
tic/4b479141- 9304- 47e1- 82c9- 73b5685e234b/Mujeres- pionerasen- la- Medicina/index.html.
Consultado 17 Mar 2022.
23. Hasebrook J, Hahnenkamp K, Buhre WFFA, de Korte-de Boer D, Hamaekers AEW,
Metelmann B, etal. Medicine goes female: Protocol for improving career options of females
and working conditions for researching physicians in clinical medical research by organizational transformation and participatory design. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6:e152. https://doi.
org/10.2196/resprot.7632.
24. Gallar P.El feliz viaje de las radiólogas españolas. Radiología. 2021;63:385–90. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rx.2021.04.001.
25. Cayón Somacarrera S, Alonso Rodríguez C, Del Campo Del Val L, Oleaga Zuría L,
Rodríguez Carnero P.Women in radiology: a perspective from Spain. Radiologia (Engl Ed).
2024;66(2):121–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rxeng.2023.04.009. Epub 2024 Apr 4. PMID:
38614529.
26. Guàrdia Mas E, Solé Llenas J.Breve historia de la neurorradiología española [A brief history of neuroradiology in Spain]. Radiologia. 2010;52 Suppl 2:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rx.2010.03.015. Epub 2010 May 20. PMID: 20493503. Spanish.

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Switzerland
27. Mégret M.Computed tomography of the cranial skeleton (face and skull): 58 radiological exercises for students and practitioners (exercises in radiological diagnosis). Berlin Heidelberg:
Springer; 1986.
28. Megret M.A landmark for the choroidal arteries of the fourth ventricle--branches of the posteriorinferior cerebellar artery. Neuroradiology. 1973;5(2):85–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00337489.
The Netherlands
29. Jacobs AH.Over localisatie van physiologische en pathologische verschijnselen in de groote
herdenen. Thesis, 1879.
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Open Access
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the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0

Chapter 25
The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology
inLatin America
MariadeFátimaVianaVascoAragao, CarolinaTramontini,
KatiuzkaCasares, JoseAlejandroBacalla, CarolinaMejiasSoto,
CarlosRugilo, EduardoGonzalez, CarolinaServin, JanethBu,
ValeriaSchoenstedit, MariaHonrado, andJorgeBoschi
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao (*)
Department of Radiology, Clinica Diagnostika Endoscopia e Radiologia, LTDA,
Recife, Brazil
Department of Surgery and Postgraduate Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences at UFPE, Centro de Ciencias Medicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
(UFPE), Recife, Brazil
C. Tramontini
Radiologia Departmente, Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Clinicas Colsanitas,
Bogota, Colombia
K. Casares
Department of Neuroimaging, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery,
Mexico City, Mexico
J. A. Bacalla
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
e-mail: jose.bacalla.v@upch.pe
C. M. Soto
Centro Nacional de Imágenes Médicas, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social,
Alajuela, Costa Rica
C. Rugilo
Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
E. Gonzalez
Radiología-Radiology, Hospital Universitario CEMIC.CEMIC University Hospital,
Caba, Argentina
C. Servin
Medical Imaging, Centro Medico La Costa, Asunción, Paraguay
J. Bu
Department of Radiology, hospital de especialidades instituto honduras,
Comayagua, Honduras
V. Schoenstedit
Department of Radiologia, Clínica Alemana De Santiago, Santiago, Chile
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_25
419© The Author(s) 2026

420
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inBrazil
Most Inuential Brazilian Female Neuroradiologist Doctors
Dr. Maria Lúcia Soares MD (Fig.25.1) is a Brazilian neuroradiologist. She was one
of the rst female neuroradiologists in Brazil. She graduated in medicine in the state
of São Paulo (Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí) in 1979, followed by a residency in
Radiology at Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual de São
Paulo (IAMSPE-SP) (1980–1982). Her neuroradiology fellowship was done at Med
Imagem Hospital de Benecência Portuguesa de São Paulo, where she trained with
Dr. Sérgio Santos Lima, Dr. Enio Cesar Viera Pereira, and Dr. Renato Adam
Mendonça, becoming part of the Neuroradiology staff from then on. In 1989, she
started a new Fellowship at the Foundation Ophtalmologique Adolph Rothschild,
Paris/France, working with MRI, as an emergent technology, with Dr. Jacqueline
Vignaud. In 1998, she obtained the title of Specialist in Diagnostic Neuroradiology
Fig. 25.1 Dr. Maria Lúcia
Soares
M. Honrado
Department of Nueroradiology, CIMEN S.A.S, Santiago, Dominican Republic
J. Boschi
Departement of Radiology, Medica Uruguaya, Montevideo, Uruguay
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