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25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
Fig. 25.7 Dr. Romy Ames
431
Dr. Lourdes Simbron Ribbeck (Fig.25.8) graduated from Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos, the most ancient Latin American University, where she
obtained both her MD and Radiologist Diploma after completing her training in
Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins. During residency, she was awarded
the SILAN MCG Visiting Scholarship and trained under Dr. Ramon Figueroa at
Augusta University. Her passion toward the eld and lack of opportunities for further specialization in Peru made her move to Mexico City, where she trained for
2years in the Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia “Manuel Velasco
Suarez.” Coming back to Peru, she settled in the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias
Neurologicas (INCN), the oldest neurological and neurosurgical institute of the
country, where people from the nation come seeking treatment and relief. Dr.
Simbron serves as Head of the MRI Unit and has established a very active academic
practice working with residents from Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological
Surgery as well as active participation in the case boards of the Neurovascular and
Neuroinfectious working groups. She is a recurrent lecturer both at local and
national meetings. Her passion includes traveling and coffee tasting.
432
Fig. 25.8 Dr. Lourdes
Simbron Ribbeck
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inColombia
Most Inuential Female Colombian Neuroradiologist Doctors
The rst radiology equipment arrived in Medellin, Colombia, in 1901, and the rst
radiography (a hand) was taken in June 1902 by Juan Bautista Montoya y Flórez,
who had trained in Paris.
The rst radiology residency started in 1928 at the Hospital San Juan de Dios in
Bogotá, with Gonzalo Esguerra as the Head of the Radiology Department. On July
12, 1945, Gonzalo Esguerra also founded the Sociedad Colombiana de Radiología,
one of the rst scientic medical societies in the country. The rst Colombian
Radiology Congress was held in March 1950 (Jornadas Radiológicas Colombianas),
and even though the photographs from the Congress show some women, they were
the wives of the radiologists. So up to that time, no women appeared in the history
of Colombian Radiology. Women started to appear in the eld of radiology in the
1970s. Though it is not completely documented, the rst woman radiologist in
Colombia appears to have been Ms. Ana Elvira Prada from Medellin.
Women in neuroradiology appear later, one of the rst being Ms Aleyda Rodríguez,
who was trained at the Military Hospital and later worked as a neuroradiologist at
the Instituto Neurológico de Colombia in the late 1980s. Ms. Sonia Bermudez, also
The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
25
433
a neuroradiologist, was part of the Editorial Board of the Revista Colombiana de
Radiología since its foundation and has been directing the journal since 1996. As
there was no formal neuroradiology training in Colombia, in the 1990s, some of
our colleagues went to the USA to train, and some took up residence there
(Esperanza Pacheco, Martha Ballesteros, Maria Olga Patiño), while some trained
in the USA and Canada and came back (Ana María Granados, María Teresa
Mantilla). Elcy Medina was the rst woman neuroradiologist trained formally in
Colombia, at the Hospital Universitario Medellin. Later, many of us followed their
example and dedicated our studies and our work to neuroradiology. Now, even
though we have no neuroradiological society in Colombia, three women of the
neuroradiology committee of the Asociación Colombiana de Radiologia (Feliza
Restrepo, Ana Maria Granados, Carolina Tramontini), with help and support from
many other members of the Society, are on our way to creating a Neuroradiology
Chapter.
The European Society of Neuroradiology had a great inuence on neuroradiology in Colombia, especially on us women. The rst three Colombian radiologists,
all women, who received the European Neuroradiology Diploma in 2013 were
Carolina Tramontini, Sonia Bermúdez, and Sara Nuñez . Since then, there has been
a close collaboration between the ESNR and the Asociación Colombiana de
Radiologia. The European course, ECNR, held in Colombia since 2017, inuenced
many of our younger colleagues to take the path of neuroradiology. In 2023,
Carolina Tramontini (Fig.25.9) was granted Honorary Membership of the ESNR,
Fig. 25.9 Dr. Carolina
Tramontini
434
being the rst Colombian or Latin American neuroradiologist to be awarded this
honor. Currently, there are approximately 30–40 women neuroradiologists working
in Colombia, and many more are working abroad, mainly in the USA, Canada,
and Spain.
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inCosta Rica
Most Inuential Female Costa Rican Neuroradiologist Doctors
The rst doctor of African descent and rst radiologist in Costa Rica was Dr. Grace
Curling Rodriguez, who later pursued her subspecialty in neuroradiology, becom-
ing a pioneer in that area in the country. It should be noted that Dr. Curling, during
the 1990s, served as Head of Service at one of the country’s National Social Security
Hospitals until her retirement. Subsequently, in 2015, Dr. Carolina Mejías Soto
returned from Mexico as a subspecialist, becoming the second female neuroradiologist in Costa Rica. Currently, Dr. Mejías Soto serves as Director of the National
Center for Medical Imaging of the Costa Rican Social Security. These are the only
two neuroradiologists that Costa Rica has, leaving evidence that not only for this
area but for many other subspecialties of radiology, it is necessary to continue promoting subspecialized training among colleagues, which allows facilitating development and gender equity, as well as to optimize adequate and timely patient care.
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inArgentina
Most Inuential Female Argentinian Neuroradiologist Doctors
In Argentina, as in the rest of the world, there has been an increasing number of
women with a major role in neuroradiology. One early and prominent member of
this group was Professor Dr. Gloria E.Díaz (1930–2011), who, after a period of
specialization in Paris during the sixties, performed over a period of 15years as
Chief of Radiodiagnostics at the Hospital Ramos Mejía, in Buenos Aires. She was
also an Associate Professor of Diagnostic Imaging at Buenos Aires University and
stood out in the interventional neuroradiological eld, being a professor to many
undergraduates who have never forgotten her. More recently, there is a group of
prominent gures in the eld who have achieved important positions in several private centers in Argentina. Such are the cases of Claudia Cejas MD, (chief of Imaging
Diagnostic at FLENI and vice-president of the Argentine Radiological Society),
Adriana Ojeda, MD (head of Neuroradiology at Oroño Institute in Rosario and
recently designated co-editor of the Argentine Radiological Magazine), Inés Tamer
MD (neuroradiologist of the SWISS medical group), and Cristina Besada, MD
(Chief of Neuroradiology at the Hospital Italiano in Buenos Aires). In the eld of
25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
435
Pediatric Neuroradiology, we must mention Susana Persico, MD, who, after a train-
ing period in France, has been performing as a neuroradiologist at the Hospital
Garrahan in Buenos Aires. Last, but not least, there are some outstanding contemporary interventional neuroradiologists, such as Silvia Garbullino MD. and Roxana
Ceratto MD, who are working in the Hospital Británico and ENERI, respectively.
Juan M.Taveras (1919–2002) was a Dominican neuroradiologist who is remembered chiey for his work in establishing neuroradiology as a separate subspecialty
in the United States. He was the principal mover behind the founding of the
American Society of Neuroradiology and its primary publication, the American
Journal of Neuroradiology as well as SILAN (Ibero Latin American Society of
Neuroradiology), in which one of the authors (GT) was a President. In 1964, Juan
Taveras and Ernest Wood co-authored the textbook Diagnostic Neuroradiology, the
rst American textbook on neuroradiology, which became a reference book in the
specialty. When you analyze the contents of this book, you nd out that the modalities listed were plain lms, intracranial pneumography, angiography, and ventriculography. General radiologists were reading the plain lms, but the remainder of the
procedures were performed by neurosurgeons.
Many women neurosurgeons used those procedures, some of them with multiple
publications in the eld of neuroradiology:
Dr. Maria Luisa Morete de Pardal (Chair of Neurosurgery-Costa Buero
Neurosurgical Institute) published an update on iodoventriculogram in the prestigious journal Acta Radiologica from Sweden in 1958.
Dr. Alejandra Teresa Rabadán was a prominent neurosurgeon, researcher,
teacher, and scholar in Argentina. She graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of
the University of Buenos Aires in 1977 with honors. She was head of the
Neurosurgery Division of the A.Lanari Medical Research Institute of the University
of Buenos Aires and former head of the Neurosurgery Service of the Italian Hospital
of Buenos Aires. She was also an associate professor of Neurosurgery at the School
of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires and head of the Neurosurgery Service
at the Juan P.Garrahan Pediatric Hospital.
Dr. Graciela Noemi Zuccaro grew up in La Ciudad de la Plata, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, obtaining her degree in medicine with honors at the Universidad de la
Plata in August of 1973. In 1974, Dr. Zuccaro moved to the city of Buenos Aires and
initiated her rst steps in pediatric neurosurgery under the tutorial of Dr. Raul Carrea
at the Children’s Hospital Ricardo Gutierrez. She graduated as a pediatric neurosurgeon in 1978. Upon nishing her residency, Dr. Zuccaro did a fellowship in microsurgery in 1985 at the Henry Ford Institute in Detroit and continued her formation
with base of skull surgery training at the University of Cincinnati and at the
University of Virginia. She then became a fellow at the Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia under the guidance of Professor Luis Schut. Later on, in 2000, she
specialized in neuroendoscopy under the tutelage of Professor Fernando Rueda
Franco at the National Institute of Pediatrics in Mexico City. Dr. Zuccaro assumed
her rst faculty position in 1979 at the Children’s Hospital “Ricardo Gutiérrez” in
Buenos Aires, a position she maintained until 1987 when she transferred to the
National Pediatric Hospital “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan” where Dr. Zuccaro was
appointed Chief of Neurosurgery from 2003 to 2014; simultaneously, she was a
436
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
professor of pediatric neurosurgery at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of
Buenos Aires, where she continues to be an honorary faculty. Dr. Zuccaro has been
part of the editorial board of multiple scientic publications; they include La Revista
Argentina de Neurocirugía, Child’s Nervous System, Journal Brasileiro de
Neurocirugía, Surgical Neurology, and Journal of Hydrocephalus. She was the rst
President of the International Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery.
Dr. Silvia Berner and Beatriz Pazos were also neurosurgeons performing invasive procedures.
Silvia Berner received her MD from the University of La Plata. She is a BoardCertied Neurosurgeon and was the Neurosurgery Chair at Ophthalmologic
Hospital Santa Lucia, playing a key role in preserving that hospital. She was Head
of Neurosurgery at Sanatorio Santa Isabel. She published important papers related
to molecular analysis of pituitary pathology. Dr. Berner is a member of numerous
Neurosurgical Associations: Asociación Argentina de Neurocirugía, Sociedad de
Neurocirugía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Sociedad de Neurocirugía del Cono
Sur, Federación Latinoamericana de Neurocirugía, Federación Mundial de
Neurocirugía. She is a past president of the Asociación Civil de Neurocirujanos de
la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Sociedad Argentina de Neurocirugía, Sociedad
Argentina de Neurociencias. She received a fellowship in Berlin (Grant) University
Hospital Klinikum Steglitz under Professor Mario Brock and a fellowship in
Zurich under Professor G. Yasargil. She is the recipient of numerous awards
including the Annual Prize of The National Academy of Medicine. She has 194
peer-reviewed papers and has participated in 193 national and international
meetings.
Dr. Beatriz Pazos was the Head of Neurosurgery at the Hospital Alejandro
Posadas.
When digital imaging started, new radiologists took over neuroradiology.
Invasive methods were handled by interventional neuroradiologists, and diagnostic
methods were managed by diagnostic neuroradiologists. In this stage, many important names surfaced:
Dr. Cristina Besada graduated from the University of Buenos Aires School of
Medicine. She completed a Diagnostic Imaging Residency Program at Hospital
Frances in Buenos Aires and the Superior Course in Diagnostic Imaging at the
Argentine Society of Radiology (SAR). She completed a fellowship in Magnetic
Resonance Imaging at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Robert Debre in Reims,
France, and the Superior Course in Diagnostic Imaging at Hôpital Bicêtre in Paris,
France. She was an attending physician at the Neurological Center, Hospital Frances
Buenos Aires, Head of the Neuroimaging Section at Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires,
and Professor of Diagnostic Neuroradiology at Universidad de Ciencias
Empresariales y Sociales, Sociedad Argentina de Radiología, and Universidad del
Hospital Italiano. She was the Director of the Neuroradiology Chapter at Sociedad
Argentina de Radiología. Dr. Besada is a member of the Sociedad Argentina de
Radiología, American Society of Neuroradiology, European Society of Radiology,
and Société Française de Radiologie. She is the author of many peer-reviewed
papers and has contributed to many national and international meetings as a guest
25 The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
437
speaker and moderator in workshops. She was the rst Chair of the Neuroradiology
Section at Sociedad Argentina de Radiología.
Dr. Claudia Cejas is a graduate of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of
Buenos Aires. She completed her residency in Diagnostic Imaging at Htal. Mariano
Castex for 4years and a Fellowship in Neuroradiology and Head and Neck for
1year at Hôpital Civil, Université de Strasbourg, France, under the mentorship of
Prof. Jean Louis Dietemann. Currently, she is the President of the Argentinian
Society of Radiology (SAR). Among her awards, she is an Honorary Member of the
American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR) in 2022. She is a member of the
French Society of Radiology (SFR) and the European Society of Radiology (ECR).
Her credentials in medical journalism are impressive: she received a scholarship
from the American Roentgen Ray Association (ARRS) as the “2016 Lee F.Rogers
International Fellow in Radiology Journalism.” She excels in teaching and was the
Editor-in-Chief of the Revista Argentina de Radiología (RAR) from 2010 to 2018.
She is a Professor of Pre-graduate Training at Buenos Aires University, Director of
the Radiology Specialist Course at Buenos Aires University, and Director of the
Radiology Specialist Course in the Argentinian Society of Radiology (SAR). She
serves as a Scientic Consultant for prestigious radiology journals such as Radiology
(USA), Radiología (Spain), Stroke (USA), Muscle & Nerve, and Revista Uruguaya
de Radiología. To date, she has won 14 awards, given over 100 lectures at national
and international courses and conferences, presented over 100 papers (poster-free
topic) at national and international conferences, written 48 scientic papers on specialty topics in national and international journals, published a book as the rst
author, authored chapters in four specialty books, and written over 30 editorials. She
chairs the Imaging Department at FLENI, a prestigious neurological center in
Argentina. Currently, her area of interest is Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the
study of neuromuscular diseases, having developed Nerve and Plexus Magnetic
Resonance Neurography at FLENI.
Dr. Adriana Ojeda received her Medical Degree from the University of Buenos
Aires. She is a Specialist in Diagnostic Imaging in Santa Fe Province, as well as
certied by the National Academy of Medicine and recertied with honors
(Argentine Board Certication). She has a Diplome d’Université Radiologie et
Imagerie Diagnostique du Système Nerveux from Université Paris IV, Unité de
Formation et de Recherche de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie–France, and
Formation Spécialisée en Radiodiagnostique et Imagerie Médicale from CHU
Amiens, France. She also has a Diplôme d’Université d’Imagerie par Résonance
Magnétique from Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud—Université de Paris XI, France.
Dr. Ojeda is a Professor of Neuroradiology for the Argentine Federation of
Radiological Societies and a Professor of Neuroradiology in the Chair of Psychiatry
at the National University of Rosario. She was Editor-in-Chief of Revista Argentina
de Radiología. She was active in 100 national courses and meetings, 29 international meetings, 22 peer-reviewed national publications, and ve international publications. She was awarded Magna cum Laude at the RSNA meeting for her work
on percutaneous vertebroplasty with methyl-methacrylate. Dr. Ojeda was the pioneer of percutaneous vertebroplasty in Argentina.
438
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
Dr. Ines del Valle Tamer is a Diagnostic Imaging specialist from the University of
Buenos Aires. She trained in neuroradiology as an Assistant étrangère at Hôpital
Lariboisière, Paris, France. She is a neuroradiologist at many institutions in Buenos
Aires, Argentina, including Instituto Argentino de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento and
Swiss Medical Group. She was in charge of the Neuroradiology Specialists Course
at Universidad de Ciencias Sociales y Empresariales. She is very active in SILAN
(Iberolatinoamerican Society of Neuroradiology), lecturing and contributing articles,
one of which was awarded the Taveras Award for Diagnostic Radiology excellence.
Dr. Rosana Salvatico is a diagnostic radiologist with a medical degree from
the School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires. She is a Diagnostic Imaging
Specialist from the Ministry of Health through her residence at Hospital Durand.
She has a fellowship and certication in Diagnostic Imaging from SAR
(Argentine Radiological Society) and was the rst Neuroradiologist in Argentina
from the European Society of Neuroradiology. She is an Associate Professor of
Diagnostic Imaging and Psychiatry at USAL (University of Salvador, Argentina).
She works as a staff radiologist in the most important Neuroradiological Centers:
ENERI-FLENI, Clínica La Sagrada Familia (under Prof. Pedro Lylyk MD), and
Centro de Diagnóstico Dr. Enrique Rossi. She is also a Consultant at INOVA
Center in Bahia Blanca (Buenos Aires Province). She is very active in teaching
and is a member of the Neuroradiology staff at SAR.Among her publications,
“Diffusion tensor MRI: clinical applications” is in the International Nuclear
Information System.
Dr. Gloria Egenia Diaz was a pioneer in catheter angiography. She started at the
Instituto Modelo de Clínica Médica, Hospital Rawson. One of the authors (GT),
working in the Nuclear Medicine Department at the same institute, witnessed her
working late into the night. She was a Professor of Radiology at the School of
Medicine (UBA). She joined the exchange program chaired by one of the authors
(GT) with the Faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles, and Clínica
Modelo de Lanús as Chair of Radiology. She served as President of SAR (Sociedad
Argentina de Radiología), being the rst woman to hold that position.
Dr. Silvia Garbugino received her MD from the University of Buenos Aires,
School of Medicine. She was a resident of neurosurgery at the prestigious Hospital
de Clínicas. She is a member of the Argentinian Neurosurgical Association and
founder of the Argentinian College of Neurointerventionism, where she served as
President. She is also a member of the World Federation of Interventional and
Therapeutic Neuroradiology.
Dr. Rosana Ceratto is an interventional neuroradiologist and a pioneer in the
eld of diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology. She was a staff member at
ENERI, the leading institution in Argentina, where interventional neuroradiology
started. She taught neuroradiologists from all over the world. Her vast experience is
reected in articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals.
These women neuroradiologists in Argentina published more than 70 important
scientic articles around the world.
The History ofWomen inNeuroradiology inLatin America
25
439
History ofWomen Neuroradiologists inParaguay
Most Inuential Female Paraguayan Neuroradiologist Doctors
In Paraguay, radiology was an exclusively male specialty for many years. The rst
women radiologists began practicing in the 90s, dedicating themselves mainly to
ultrasound and then to radiology. This trend continues to a certain extent, but currently, there are three women trained in and dedicated to neuroradiology and who
are members of the Paraguayan Diagnostic Imaging Society.
Dr. Carolina Servin Zardini (Fig.25.10), a student at the National University of
Asuncion and a resident at the Hospital de Clínicas, received her neuroradiology
training rst with a SILAN scholarship at MCG USA in 2003 with Professor
R. Figueroa, where she fell under the charm of this subspecialty. She was then
studying at the CHU Limoges, France. She continued her training in subsequent
years with the European Neuroradiology course in Cartagena, Colombia, being a
member of the European Society of Neuroradiology. She works in the private sector
in the Centro Medico La Costa, in Asunción.
Dr. Rosanna Meza Lopez is also from the National University of Asunción. She
originally opted for the specialty of pediatrics and then, in 2009, nally specialized
Fig. 25.10 Dr. Carolina
Servin Zardini
440
M. d. F. V. V. Aragao et al.
in Imaging Medicine, with a postgraduate degree in Argentina from the Hospital
Sor Maria Ludovica La Plata. She is a member of the Argentine Society of Diagnostic
Imaging. She works in the private sector in the Instituto Codas Thompson and,
faithful to her beginnings as a pediatrician, is dedicated to performing radiology and
neuroradiology on children.