2026—The XXIIIrd SNR—London

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The president of the XXIInd SNR, Prof. Mauricio Castillo, was born in Guatemala. He graduated as a medical doctor from the University of San Carlos. His career in the USA started with 1½years as a Research Fellow at MD Anderson Hospital in Houston. He went on to complete a residency in Diagnostic Radiology at the University of Miami, followed by a 2-year Neuroradiology Fellowship at Emory University in Atlanta. He returned to the University of Texas in Houston and, in 1992, was recruited to the University of North Carolina. Dr. Castillo served as Chief of the Neuroradiology Division for over 28years. Prof. Castillo is one of the visionary leaders of our discipline. He has received many distinguished honours, including as president and Gold Medallist of American Society of Neuroradiology and of the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS). For many years, he served as the editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Neuroradiology. It is therefore not surprising that he was called to serve as President of the XXIInd Symposium Neuroradiologicum, the world’s oldest neuroradiology meeting.

P. M. Parizel

2026—The XXIIIrd SNR—London—Tarek Yousry

The XXIIIrd SNR will convene in London, United Kingdom, from 30th September to fourth October 2026, with Prof. Tarek A.Yousry serving as president. The XXIIIrd SNR will be held under the auspices of the WFNRS, and it will be held in conjunction with the 49th European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR) Annual Meeting, and the meeting of the British Society of Neuroradiologists. The meeting motto is “MIND THE FUTURE—From innovation to impact,” and the meeting symbol shows a lateral view of the human brain with a superimposed schematic transport map representing the coloured lines and stations of the London Underground.

Prof. Tarek Yousry is Professor of Neuroradiology and Head of the Division of Neuroradiology and Neurophysics at the University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, and he serves as Head of Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology Neurosurgery, UCLH Foundation Trust. Prof. Yousry graduated as a medical doctor and obtained the Habilitation from the Ludwig-Maximillans-Universität in Munich. He received the Fellowship from the Royal College of Radiologists. His work focuses on the translation of research from the basic science level to clinical applications, using advanced MR imaging techniques to improve diagnosis and treatment of CNS disease, especially MS, movement disorders and intrinsic brain tumours.

2026—The XXIVth SNR—Sapporo—Prof. Kohsuke Kudo andProf. Minako Azuma

The XXIVth SNR will be held in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, under the presidency of the “Program Chairs,” Professor Kosuke Kudo, (Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University), and Professor Minako Azuma,

1 A Brief History oftheSymposium Neuroradiologicum

(Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University). It will be the rst time in 36years that the SNR will be held in Japan. The previous time was the XVth meeting of SNR (Kumamoto, 1994). The website of the Japan Convention Bureau announces the event as the 24th Symposium of the World Federation of Neuroradiological Sciences. The event will likely take place in June or July 2030, and the organisers expect approximately 1200 participants from different countries and regions around the world.

Final Thoughts

In researching and writing this chapter, I often thought about Mark Twain’s famous dictum, which states that History never repeats itself, but it does often rhyme. This statement perfectly applies to the history of the Symposium Neuroradiologicum (SNR). The rst part of the quote emphasises that every SNR meeting is unique, one of a kind, with its own distinct vibe and avour, and the circumstances are never identical to a past event. The second part of the quote indicates that, even though all SNR meetings are different, their presidents share similar dreams and objectives, while facing comparable challenges and difculties; this is the “rhyming” part of the statement.

At the end of his paper A history of neuroradiology in Italy, Marco Leonardi wrote (AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17(4): 721–730): That’s the end of my story. There is no conclusion because (luckily) history is still in the making. This holds true for the SNR: our history does not end at the time this chapter was written, but continues into the future. Our community looks forward with great anticipation to the next editions in London (SNR XXIII, 2026) and Sapporo (SNR XXIV, 2030) and we are condent that these meetings will unite neuroradiologists from across the globe.

It is, however, worthwhile to think how the rapidly evolving scientic landscape, including the transformative role of articial intelligence, in combination with geopolitical and demographic uctuations will change the scope of SNR meetings to come. The spectacular development of neuroradiology starting in the mid-twentieth century has been mainly driven by European-inuenced schools. As shown in Table1.2, SNR meetings have been held predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere. Of the 24 SNR editions up to and including 2030, 15 will have taken place in Europe (62.5%), 5 on the American continent (21%), 3in Asia (12.5%), and 1in AustraliaOceania (4%).

There have been only two meetings in the Southern Hemisphere (Punta del Este and Adelaide). The SNR has never been held on the African continent.

This distribution hardly reects the scientic, economic, or demographic reality of our world in the twenty-rst century. The ‘Eurocentric’ world view of neuroradiology prioritises European and North American perspectives, often to the detriment of non-Western schools of thought. The SNR needs to acknowledge other perspectives and foster inclusive dialogues with other medical and academic communities.

P. M. Parizel

Table 1.2

numeral identiers

Asia (n=3) Japan Kumamoto 1994 XV

Australia—Oceania (n=1) Australia Adelaide 2006 XVIII Europe (n=15) Belgium Antwerp 1939 I

North America (n=4) USA New York City 1964 VII

South America (n=1) Uruguay Punta del Este 1974 X

Overview of the SNR meeting by continents, countries, host cities, years, and roman

Sapporo 2030 XIV

Taiwan Taipei 2018 XXI

Brussels 1957 V

France Paris 1967 VIII

Paris 2002 XVII Germany Wiesbaden 1978 XI Italy Rome 1961 VI

Bologna 2010 XIX Netherlands Rotterdam 1949 II Sweden Stockholm 1952 III

Gothenburg 1970 IX

Stockholm 1986 XIII United Kingdom London 1955 IV

London 1990 XIV

London 2026 XIII Turkey Istanbul 2014 XX

Washington DC 1982 XII

Philadelphia 1998 XVI

New York City 2022 XXII

In Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, neuroradiology is rapidly expanding, addressing different realities and healthcare issues which are inuenced by social, economic, and environmental factors.

The WFNRS bears the solemn responsibility of choosing the host cities for the next SNR meetings, and needs address the consequences associated with those geopolitical decisions, which are of vital importance to ensure ongoing success. International air travel is expensive, complex, stressful, and time-consuming for delegates attending SNR meetings. Ideally, SNR host cities should have easy-toreach major airport hubs, with scheduled direct ights offered by different airlines. This makes it more convenient, cheaper, and faster for attendees to y in, limiting the number of ights and the time wasted in airport layovers. From past experiences, we have learned that SNR locations that were difcult to reach struggled to attract enough delegates to defray the costs of hosting the meeting. Complex, expensive, and time-consuming travel itineraries act as signicant deterrents; they create barriers to participation and contribute to social exclusion, with particular impact on delegates from low- and middle-income countries. Similarly, preference must be

A Brief History oftheSymposium Neuroradiologicum

given to inner-city SNR congress venues, which are reachable by a well-developed public transportation system, allowing delegates to access the meeting without the need for private cars, taxis, or buses.

All SNR presidents dream of creating a unique and memorable meeting, delivering impactful, lasting, and scientically stimulating experiences to the participants. Yet all SNR presidents face similar nancial and organisational challenges. History rhymes, even though it does not repeat itself. The organisation of a large international meeting is an increasingly complicated and costly endeavour. Rather than leveraging the experience, knowledge, and resources of their predecessors, SNR presidents must essentially start from scratch to address the organisational challenges in the chosen venue. This is in contradistinction to other large scientic societies (e.g. the Radiological Society of North America or the European Society of Radiology) which offer all-inclusive event management services that protect the president and other stakeholders from the nancial liability, time commitment, stress, and complexity of planning and running a large conference. The WFNRS should consider developing a roadmap for future SNR meetings to improve efciency, achieve objectives, and ensure alignment with the ongoing goals of the international neuroradiology communities. The development of such a directive requires nancial and human resources, but it will provide invaluable assistance to the SNR president to plan the meeting, develop the programme, dene clear objectives, and support WFNRS goals. An uninterrupted stream of thought linking past SNR meetings to present challenges and future strategic opportunities is vital to sustain the continuous growth of the SNR meetings. Future SNR presidents should be able to build upon the success of their predecessors, learn from past failures, avoid repeating mistakes, implement improvements and innovations to ensure the ongoing success of the SNR. Alignment with the WFNRS goals will become ever more important as the SNR family expands to embrace diverse neuroradiological communities in other continents, addressing complex societal and healthcare issues, and developing alternative diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives for a diverse and rapidly growing population.

For gures related to the contents, the readers are recommended to contact the chapter correspondent for further information.

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Chapter 2

Purpose-Driven Mission: AHistory oftheAmerican Society ofNeuroradiology (ASNR): 1990–2024

JonathanD.Clemente

Preamble: 1962 to1990

The American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR) was established on April 19, 1962, in NewYork City under the leadership of Dr. Juan M.Taveras [1]. The 14 founding members created a professional society “(1) To develop and support standards for the training and practice of neuroradiology; (2) To foster independent research in neuroradiology; and (3) To promote a closer fellowship and exchange of ideas among neuroradiologists.” [2]

During its rst three decades, ASNR organized its activities around its original mission and focused on “creating an identity of neuroradiology as an autonomous discipline.” The Society developed its governance and committee structure to meet the needs of its growing membership and annual meeting and to achieve other goals [3]. Advances in CT, MRI, and PET fueled growth in neuroimaging and interest in the eld. In 1980, ASNR launched its ofcial journal, the American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR). By 1990, the annual meeting, once a closed scientic meeting held in a single conference room, evolved into a multiday affair attracting a broad audience and covering a wide range of topics.

US policymakers and insurance carriers began to increasingly scrutinize rising healthcare expenditures and raised questions about the value of neuroradiology. Concerns over the proposed “healthcare reform” legislature in the early 1990s, along with diminishing funding for research, and an increasingly complex regulatory environment led ASNR to pursue a proactive role in shaping healthcare policy as a forceful advocate for neuroradiology.

During the last three decades, ASNR’s strategic goals, organization, and governance structure have progressed to address the dynamic challenges and opportunities, although its core mission and vision remain the same. From focusing on

J. D. Clemente (*) Charlotte Radiology, PA, Neuroradiology Section, Charlotte, NC, USA

D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_2

education, practice and training standards, research, and public policy to adapting to technological advancements and enhancing diverse member engagement, ASNR’s activities reect a commitment to advancing neuroradiology and maximizing patient care.

J. D. Clemente

ASNR Strategic Goals andInitiatives Since 1990

ASNR has driven its activities by strategic goalsetting and based on practice and advocacy, education and training, governance, and research. Before 1990, Society ofcers undertook planning with input from committee chairpersons. ASNR began a formal strategic planning process in the spring of 1994 under the leadership of its new Executive Director, James B.Gantenberg, and Dr. R.Nick Bryan [4]. Developed over a yearlong process, the 1994 strategic plan was shaped by internal factors (e.g., members’ surveys on policy and future direction and needs assessment on programs and services) and external factors (e.g., emerging legislative and regulatory issues or turf battles). ASNR has updated its Strategic Plan every 3–5years except in the early 2000s, when the focus temporarily shifted to needs assessment and developing educational programming [5]. While ASNR has updated strategic plans periodically, the core pillars undergirding them are unchanged since its founding.

Practice/Advocacy

ASNR has elevated neuroradiology by promoting high standards of practice and through advocacy work. The Society has sought to demonstrate its value to its members and establish neuroradiology’s vital role in patient care.

Intersociety collaboration has been key to the development of “Practice Parameters and Technical Standards” for neuroradiology [6]. ASNR has worked effectively with the American College of Radiology (ACR), other radiology organizations, and neurological and neurosurgical societies to develop practice parameters and training, competency, and credentialing standards for neuroradiological procedures [7].

In September 1994, ASNR achieved a long-sought goal of subspecialty certication in neuroradiology by the American Board of Radiology, signifying neuroradiology as a distinct medical subspecialty [8]. Although controversial at the time, the Society later encouraged “Maintenance of Certication” [9] and provided members with resources to fulll requirements [10]. No longer serving as the surrogate certifying body for neuroradiologists, ASNR could then focus on building a more inclusive society [11].

While ASNR has long aligned closely with ACR on political matters, it has been prepared to “go it alone,” and lobby on its behalf [12]. In 1995, a “Clinical Practice Committee” (CPC), initially led by J.Arliss Pollock, MD, was created to focus on

Purpose-Driven Mission: A History of the American Society of Neuroradiology…

socioeconomic issues impacting neuroradiologists [13]. In 1996, ASNR gained a seat in the American Medical Association (AMA) House of Delegates and its inuential Current Procedural Terminology Editorial Panel (CPT), and the Resourcebased Relative Value System Update Committee (RUC) [14]. These committees play a major role in coding and reimbursement decisions in the United States, and ASNR’s seat allowed member’s voices to be heard.1 In 2000, ASNR CPC helped achieve six new billing codes for common neuroradiological exams [15]. To strengthen its relationship with ACR, the CPC and its subcommittees aligned with ACR Neuroradiology Commission in 2011 [16]. Since 2012, ASNR has participated in over 100 support letters, tasks forces, and coalitions with other organizations on a range of issues related to health care policy, reimbursement, and practice standards [17].

ASNR has endeavored to be an inclusive society in recognition that international outreach and collaboration are vital to neuroradiology’s future. In 1991, ASNR advocated for the creation of the World Federation of Neuroradiological Societies out of the Symposium Neuroradiologicum [18]. ASNR launched an International Imaging Symposia program in 2016. In 2017, the Society created the “Anne G.Osborn ASNR International Outreach Professor Program” to formalize the sponsorship of visiting professorships to developing nations [19].

Patient outreach has assumed greater importance for ASNR. In 2003, ASNR published three information pamphlets on stroke, AVM, and aneurysm for distribution to patients [20]. The Society created a “Patient-centered Ad Hoc Committee” in 2011 to promote the value-added role of neuroradiology [21].

Education/Training

ASNR fullls its education mission through its annual meetings, publications, practice standards, guidelines, and curriculum development.

Annual Meeting

The Annual Meeting, held in major cities across North America in late spring, is a premier educational event.2 A topical Symposium sponsored by the ASNR’s Research Foundation precedes the main meeting. The Program Committee has

The AMA stipulated that greater than 25% of a professional society’s voting members also be AMA members to qualify for a seat in the House of Delegates. The ASNR almost lost its seat in 2011 by not reaching this threshold.

The Society’s 50th Annual Meeting took place in New York City in 2012. The COVID-19 Pandemic caused the 2020 and 2021 meetings to be held virtually. Over 4000 people attended the rst virtual meeting. The 2022 and 2023 meetings here hybrid virtual/in-person. The 2024 meeting returned to an in-person format.

J. D. Clemente

tailored meeting content to be “timely and relevant” to the membership, which is equally represented by academic and community practice radiologists. The Society has made signicant efforts—particularly after the 2010 Strategic Plan—to enhance the meeting’s value for the entire constituency, including research scientists, and members-in-training [16].

Concurrent neuroradiology subspecialty society programming by ASHNR, ASSR, ASTIN (later SNIS), and ASPNR began in 1996, and by ASFNR in 2005. At the 1999 meeting in San Diego, ASNR formalized the responsibility of subspecialty societies for planning their annual meeting content.

Multidisciplinary case-based reviews with partner organizations like the Society of Neuro-Oncology have been popular, as have advanced imaging seminars and interactive scientic poster sessions introduced in 2010. Joint programming with ISMRM began in 2010. The creation of ASNR Study Groups in 2014 strengthened the Society’s ties with the broader neuroscience research community by uniting investigators with common interests, such as Vessel Wall Imaging and AI [22]. Corporate sponsorship for the meeting has varied over time depending on a range of factors such as federal regulations on funding for medical meetings. ASNR currently benets from corporate support and vendor-sponsored programming.

ASNR has fostered international collaboration by hosting the Symposium Neuroradiologicum in 1998 and 2022 and by incorporating sessions led by the Sociedad Ibero Latino Americana de Neurorradiología Diagnóstica y Terapéutica (SILAN),3 the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR), and the AsianOceanian Society of Neuroradiology and Head & Neck Radiology (AOSHNR).

ASNR introduced the “Audience Response System” in 2005 along with dedicated SAM and MOC sessions to help members earn credit toward recertication.4 In 1998, ASNR introduced Informatics programming as the “Electronic Learning Center” (rebranded “Synaptic Junction” in 2010 and “Computer Science & Informatics” in 2013). At the 2015 Symposium, patients participated in sessions to discuss their experience dealing with disease. Other important noninterpretive programming introduced since 2010 include Young Professionals (2010), Evidence- based Medicine (2017), and Diversity and Inclusion (2021). The meeting format has also embraced a digital presence. By 2000, presenters submitted 99% of abstracts online. ASNR has made meeting content available through a variety of electronic media, such as CD-ROM, ash drive, and via mobile app (2012), with electronic exhibits available online for several months after the event [23].

Iberolatinoamericana Society of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology.

SAM Self-Assessment Module; MOC Maintenance of Certication.