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Fig. 13.2 A Changing History of the KSNR’s Logo. The second logo was applied to the name of
the English Literature Society, which changed from KSNHNR to KSNR in 2015. The KSNR uses
a new logo that has changed with design and symbol in 2019
H. J. Baek etal.
practice of neuroradiology, update information for its members according to changes
in the domestic medical environment, support research activities, and develop training standards and educational programs for young radiologists, including radiology
residents. The KSNR has begun training education courses for radiology residents
since 2005; this systematic education for radiology residents is a 3-year training
program that covers one topic each year: neuroanatomy, imaging ndings for neurological diseases, and imaging ndings for head and neck diseases. To strengthen
case-based education for radiology residents, the KSNR works with the KSIN to
hold two imaging conferences every spring and winter. Also, the KSNR published a
textbook, “Thyroid Gland: Imaging and Interventional Procedures,” in 2008 to
strengthen education for radiology residents, board-certied radiologists, and medical students. Since the early 2000s, the KSNR has been systematically subdivided
into several research committees and subsidiary societies ofcially established
under the KSNR, as follows: Head and Neck Radiology Study Group (Dr. Ki Joon
Sung, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital) in 2001, Stroke Study Group (Dr. Jae
Hyoung Kim of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital) in 2004, Thyroid
Radiology Study Group (Dr. Dong Gyu Na, Seoul National University Hospital) in
2005, and Brain Function Study Group (Dr. Sang Joon Kim of Asan Medical Center)
in 2006. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR), which originated
from the Thyroid Radiology Study Group under the KSNR, was founded as an
13 A Brief History of Neuroradiology in South Korea: From a Small Beginning…
137
afliated subspecialty of the KSR in 2009. These systematic changes and the expansion of the KSNR have laid the foundation for sustainable academic development
through more in-depth interchanges between clinical cases and research. It also
plays a vital role in effectively updating and sharing the subspecialized knowledge
of neuroradiology.
Additionally, the KSNR has actively participated in international neuroradiology
societies in Asia and elsewhere over the last 20years. In particular, the KSNR has
initiated international interchanges with neuroradiology societies in Asian countries
such as Japan and Taiwan since the 2000s. In September 2001, the fourth Asian and
Oceanian Congress of Neuroradiology and Head and Neck Radiology (AOCNHNR)
was successfully held in Seoul, South Korea, hosted by the KSNR, through the
efforts of Dr. Jung-Ho Suh (Yonsei University Severance Hospital) and Dr. KeeHyun Chang (Seoul National University Hospital), who led the organization committee. At that time, the number of registered participants was 385, including 160
international participants from 23 countries. The meeting was praised by participants as the most signicant and highest-ranking neuroradiology conference ever
held in the Asia-Pacic region. In parallel with the AOCNHNR, the KSIN hosted
the 6th Congress of the World Federation of Interventional and Therapeutic
Neuroradiology (WFITN) and completed a meeting with 426 registered participants
from 31 countries.
KSNR: ThePeriod ofDiversity (2011–Present)
During this period, the KSNR membership steadily increased, reaching over 200. In
particular, the number of female members steadily increased during the KSNR
growth period, with the proportion of female members increasing signicantly from
8.3% in the early 1990s to 57% of the total membership by 2020 (Fig.13.3).
Since 2011, the KSNR has held a neuroimaging day to exchange and discuss the
latest knowledge at the expert level, separate from the education for radiology residents. Also, in 2015, the KSNR published another textbook, “Head and Neck
Imaging,” to strengthen education for radiology residents, board-certied radiologists, and medical students. In 2017, an additional research committee was established as an aging and neurodegenerative imaging group (Dr. Won-Jin Moon,
Konkuk University Medical Center).
Through changes over the past few years, the KSNR has become an everdeveloping scientic society in South Korea that is academically progressive, fair,
and open to all members and leads globally. For example, the KSNR is continuously
making efforts to improve Korea’s national healthcare system as an academic and
professional community. For example, the KSNR produced guidelines for the legitimacy of diagnostic imaging studies jointly with the Korean Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention and the KSR from 2015 to 2020, and also compiled guidelines for head and neck imaging in 2019. In addition, the KSNR carried out the tasks
regarding clinical practice guidelines conducted by KSR, including “Expert
138
Fig. 13.3 KSNR’s Annual Academic Conference and General Assembly in 2017
H. J. Baek etal.
opinions and recommendations for the clinical use of quantitative analysis software
for MRI-based brain volumetry” in 2017 and “Recommendations for the appropriateness of the clinical use of diagnostic imaging modalities in patients with tinnitus”
in 2020.
Regarding international academic activities, the KSNR joined the international
exchange program for the neuroradiology fellows with neuroradiology societies in
Taiwan and Japan in 2012. Thus, two neuroradiology fellows in each country are
exchanged for educational purposes every year. The Neuroradiology Forum was
held over 2days in Incheon, South Korea, in April 2014 and was co-hosted by neuroradiology societies in South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. In addition, the 13th Asian
Oceanian Congress of Neuroradiology (AOCNR) was held in Seoul, South Korea,
in April 2021, hosted by the KSNR.This meeting, which has been held again in
South Korea over the past 20years, invited approximately 70 excellent speakers
from domestic and abroad, including Asia, Oceania, North America, and Europe, to
achieve exciting and benecial academic venues by providing the latest knowledge
and critical reviews in each eld of neuroradiology (Fig.13.4). We received 170
abstracts from 13 countries and 662 registered participants, including 343 international participants from 25 countries. Although the meeting was held virtually
because of the COVID-19 social distancing, it was very successful. Hosting the 13th
AOCNR in South Korea during the COVID-19 era was meaningful because it
became an essential cornerstone for the KSNR to build a new platform for online
domestic and international meetings without regional and time constraints. Beyond
Asia, the KSNR joined the World Federation of Neuroradiological Societies
(WFNRS). Our members have also actively participated and presented papers at
many scientic meetings in North America and Europe, such as the Radiological
Society of North America (RSNA), the American Society of Neuroradiology
13 A Brief History of Neuroradiology in South Korea: From a Small Beginning…
Fig. 13.4 The 13th Asian Oceanian Congress of Neuroradiology (AOCNR) as Virtual Meeting,
Seoul, South Korea in 2021
139
(ASNR), the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR), the Symposium
Neuroradiologicum (SNR), the American Society of Head and Neck Radiology
(ASHNR), the European Society of Head and Neck Radiology (ESHNR), etc.
Furthermore, the pursuit of diversity, equity, and inclusion has been recognized and
evolved from an admirable ideal to an essential element of institutional excellence
in international academia. To keep pace with this change, the KSNR has made
steady efforts over the past decade to promote these values in neuroradiology as part
of the medical workforce, which can be crucial in opening opportunities to minorities currently underrepresented in our eld, reducing disparities, improving patient
outcomes, expanding research protocols, and enhancing the quality of education.
Recently, articial intelligence (AI) has been considered a key technology in
medical advancement. As shown by a wide range of AI-based applications, such as
machine learning algorithms and expert systems, AI’s technological advancements
and capabilities in radiology are expected to continuously transform various aspects
of healthcare, such as diagnostics and personalized treatment planning [10].
Combined with this rapidly changing trend and Korea’s strength as an IT powerhouse, our members’ research results on AI and neuroradiology began to be published at the KSNR’s annual academic conference in 2017. Since then, AI has
gradually expanded into a new research area in Korean neuroradiology, and the
active collaboration between neuroradiology and industry has opened new horizons
for research.
140
H. J. Baek etal.
To date, Korean neuroradiology, led by the KSNR, has continued to develop with
technological advances. However, the KSNR has now faced difculties with radiologist burnout, which is increasing globally owing to the increasing work burden.
This phenomenon has caused a shortage of neuroradiologists in academic faculties.
In this regard, the KSNR is constantly striving to nd solutions to maintain the quality of education, research, and advancement in neuroradiology.
Conclusion
Looking back at the history of neuroradiology in South Korea, the KSNR in 2024
has grown to nearly 360 from an intimate, small study meeting of only ve neuroradiologists in a metropolitan area in 1978. At present, the KSNR has continued to
uphold its mission by playing a leading role in clinical practice and research for a
systematic network of the KSNR and its sub-societies.This is achieved by holding
an annual national meeting, providing clinical guidelines or standards for daily
practice, conducting regular training education courses for radiology residents and
young neuroradiologists, supporting the research efforts of our members, and maintaining close relationships with national and international organizations. Within the
history of radiology in South Korea, the KSNR has reached its current standing by
leading theadoption and application of new imaging technologies to daily clinical
practice and byconducting a wide range of studies sincethe early period, including
CT scanning in the late 1970s and MR in the 1980s and 1990s. Through decades of
adversity and challenges experienced in making neuroradiology take root in South
Korea, we look forward to continued growth domestically and playing a leading
role in international societies of neuroradiology while adapting to the rapid changes
of the times with new values.
References
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ASNR: “Through the Decades with ASNR”. Am J Neuroradiol. 2022;43(12):E54–E9.
3. Röntgen WC.On a new kind of rays. Science. 1896;3(59):227–31.
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13 A Brief History of Neuroradiology in South Korea: From a Small Beginning…
8. Di Chiro G, Schellinger D.Computed tomography of spinal cord after lumbar intrathecal introduction of metrizamide (computer-assisted myelography). Radiology. 1976;120(1):101–4.
9. Ozdoba C, Gralla J, Rieke A, Binggeli R, Schroth G.Myelography in the age of MRI: why we
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10. Hamet P, Tremblay J.Articial intelligence in medicine. Metabolism. 2017;69:S36–40.
141
Open Access
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Chapter 14
Neuroradiology inNorway; TheLast
25Years
PerHjalmarNakstad
Neuroradiology was already incorporated into the clinical work-up of neurological
and neurosurgical patients in Norway from 1947. The so-called “Oslo School of
Cerebral Angiography” attracted several colleagues from Europe and the USA. CT
(1975) and MR technologies (1986) had spread rapidly around the country, contributing further to the development of neuroradiology. These technologies initiated a
further need for neuroradiological departments, in addition to the departments
established at Oslo University, The National Hospital, Rikshospitalet in 1962, and
Oslo City Hospital, Ullevål Hospital, in 1964. These two university hospitals were
merged in 2009 and called Oslo University Hospital (OUS). During the last 30years,
sections of Neuroradiology were established at Haukeland University Hospital,
Bergen; University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø; and St. Olavs Hospital,
Trondheim University Hospital.
Due to the keen interest in angiographical interventional procedure at OUS,
embolization of cerebral and dural arteriovenous malformations was started in 1988
and became a daily routine from 1992. The help from our American colleague,
Professor Charles M.Strother, Madison, USA, was important. In addition to being
an experienced neuroradiological interventionalist, he was a keen cross-country
skier, combining interventional work with skiing in Oslo for 1year in 1992/1993.
At the same time, OUS was included as one of 12 European institutions in the international treatment strategy of using Guglielmi detachable coils in treating aneurysms. After that, interventional neuroradiology therapy slowly increased, despite a
somewhat reluctant attitude of neurologists, but with important support from the
neurosurgeons (Helge Nornes and Bjørn Magnæs) [1–3]. The rst embolization of
an aneurysm was performed at OUS (Rikshospitalet) in 1992. Embolizations of
aneurysms were for many years exclusively performed at Oslo University Hospital.
P. H. Nakstad (*)
Neuroradiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
e-mail: p-h-na@online.no
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_14
143© The Author(s) 2026
144
P. H. Nakstad
It was our opinion then that a one-center practice in our small country with excellent
patient transportation facilities by air and land seemed justied [4]. Following the
extensive development in techniques, equipment, and therefore the increased number of possible treatments, it seemed justied that other centers as well incorporated
interventional neuroradiological treatment in their routine. In the beginning, Prof.
P.Nakstad (PN) performed procedures for many years in the other university hospitals in Norway, as well as occasionally in Finland (Oulo University Hospital),
Sweden (Karolinska University Hospital/University of Uppsala), and Iceland
(Borgarspitalin). The engagement in Iceland lasted from 2000 to 2009 and was particularly challenging, since all instruments had to be carried along on the acute
ight to Iceland. During the last 10–15years, interventional neuroradiological procedures were implemented in four other university hospitals in Norway (Bergen,
Tromsø, Trondheim, and Stavanger).
Since the scientic activity connected to the development of radiologic contrast
media during the 1970s and 1980s resulted in the worldwide success of non-ionic
contrast media (Amipaque/Omnipaque, Nycomed AS, later Amersham and General
Electric), scientic work consequently continued with CT and MR with a special
focus on contrast media. A PhD (doctoral thesis) has a high standing in Norway and
may serve as a measure of scientic activity. The basis for the PhD thesis was, in
addition to contrast media research, tumor diagnostic [5, 6], stroke [7], and interventional procedures [8]. MRI has had a great impact on the neuroradiological scientic work in Norway [9], and presently almost every hospital has installed MR as
a routine acute service.
The European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR) was founded in 1969, and the
fth ESNR congress was arranged in Norway (Geilo) in 1975 (president Per
Amundsen). The next ESNR congress in Norway took place in Oslo in 2000 (president Per Nakstad) and then again in Oslo in 2020 (president Paulina Due-Tønnessen).
The Norwegian National Society of Neuroradiology was established in 1985 during
the ESNR congress in Amsterdam. Today, the National Society has 115 members.
The contribution in other important societies, such as The World Federation of
Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology and World Federation of
Neuroradiological Societies (WFNRS) was established from the beginning as a
founding member and member of the board (Per Nakstad). The activity in these
societies is kept up to date by the Presidents of the National Society (Paulina DueTønnessen and Erik M.Berntsen).
Neuroradiology has maintained its status as a separately organized professional
subspecialty despite the attempts to incorporate it more tightly with general radiology. Neuroradiologists are active at every university hospital and larger hospitals,
and interventional neuroradiology is performed at all ve university hospitals. The
number of arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms in our population of merely
ve million inhabitants seemed earlier too low to maintain interventional treatment
at ve university hospitals [9]. However, the considerable increase in patients treated
for strokes by transcatheter thrombectomy, in addition to other vascular diseases,
has given the neuroradiologist the quantity necessary to maintain their skills and
necessary continuous training at all ve locations.
14 Neuroradiology inNorway; TheLast 25Years
145
Most importantly, the health authorities have now given neuroradiology considerable economic support, enabling neuroradiology to prosper.
Readers are suggested to contact the corresponding author for gures
if needed.
References
1. Nakstad P, Bakke SJ, Hald JK. Embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malforma-
tions and stulas with polyvinyl alcohol particles and platinum ber coils. Neuroradiology.
1992;34:248–51.
2. Nakstad P, Nornes H.Superselective angiography and surgery in treatment of cerebral arterio-
venous malformations of the brain. Neuroradiology. 1994;36:410–3.
3. Nakstad P.Interventional neuroradiology. Review article. Acta Radiol. 1999;40:344–9.
4. Nakstad PH.Vascular interventional neuroradiology in a country with a small and scattered
population. Twenty years of experience in Norway. Interv Neuroradiol. 2008;14:5–8.
5. Server A.Advanced neuroimaging in brain tumors: diffusion, spectroscopy, perfusion and
permeability for the evaluation of tumor characterization and surgical treatment planning.
Doctoral Thesis; 1997.
6. Server A, Kulle B, Mæhlen J, Josefsen R, Schellhorn T, Kumar T, Langberg CW, Nakstad
PH.Quantitative apparent diffusion coefcients in the characterization of brain tumors and
associated peritumoral edema. Acta Radiol. 2010;50:682–9.
7. Schellhorn T.Brain MRI ndings associated with cognitive impairment before and after stroke.
Doctoral Thesis; 2022.
8. Nome T, Bakke SJ, Nakstad PH.MR angiography in the follow-up of coiled cerebral aneu-
rysms after treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils. Acta Radiol. 2002;22:10–4.
9. Berntsen EM.Preoperative planning and functional Neuronavigation. Doctoral thesis; 2009.
Open Access
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Chapter 15
A Brief History ofPortuguese
Neuroradiology: TheLast 30Years
RuiManaças, LuísaBiscoito, InêsCarreiro, andAnaMafaldaReis
The history of Portuguese neuroradiology over the last 30years has been shaped by
the dedication of pioneers whose enthusiasm and contributions have succeeded in
establishing neuroradiology as a medical specialty in Portugal. Their efforts led to
the denitive recognition of the several imaging techniques such as uoroscopy,
ultrasound, CT, and MRI techniques as indispensable tools in daily practice, along
with the progressive acceptance of therapeutic techniques, namely endovascular (as
safe methods for treating aneurysms, AVMs, AVFs, and acute ischemic stroke) and
minimally invasive percutaneous spine procedures (such as vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty, facet joint radiofrequency, nucleolysis/ozonotheraphy, and percutaneous
devices- spacers, screws…..).
In the preceding 70years, this development was not an uninterrupted continuum
but divided into two distinct phases, as described in the Portuguese chapter of A
History of Neuroradiology (1895–2002) by Paulo Saraiva and Augusto Goulão
(pages 377–388), presented at the XVII Symposium Neuroradiologicum, 2002,
edited by E.A.Cabanis and M.T.Iba-Zizen.
The rst phase began with the discovery of cerebral angiography in 1927 by
Egas Moniz, leading to the creation of the Portuguese School of Angiography and
the application of this technique to other organs and systems.
The second phase involved strengthening the eld, with the establishment of a
5-year autonomous specialty in the late 1970s across three centers:
R. Manaças (*)
SPNR (Portuguese Society of Neuroradiology), Lisbon, Portugal
L. Biscoito
Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
I. Carreiro
Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
A. M. Reis
Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Hospital de Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
D. Birchall (ed.), A World History of Neuroradiology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-16653-1_15
147© The Author(s) 2026