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C. W. Sperryn etal.
After specialising in neuropathology in Bristol, he returned to South Africa, joining the Pathology department at Stellenbosch University as an Associate Professor,
Depts. of Anatomical & Forensic Pathology. Early on, Richard recognised the powerful correlation between the cut brain and invivo MR Imaging. He had the proverbial ‘head start’ on CT and MRI interpretation.
Recognising the unique value Richard brought to the discipline, Prof. Andre
Beyers, head of Radiology at Tygerberg hospital, created a special appointment for
him in the department as a neuropathologist, in 1987. Richard was an enthusiastic
teacher and engaging speaker. His unique insights and skills came to the attention of
Professor Anne Osborn, who herself had an interest in pathology and its radiological correlates. They co-authored several papers. “Their shared excitement when
searching through Richard’s slide collection to nd the perfect match for one of
Anne’s texts was a delight. They developed a remarkably close friendship. Richard
visited the US to lecture in correlative neuropathology to the neuroradiology community, and Anne became a regular visitor to South Africa, lecturing and engaging
enthusiastically with colleagues and registrars at all levels.”
Together they were to have a huge inuence on the rapidly evolving subspeciality of neuroradiology in South Africa.
Prof. Richard Hewlett and Dr. Stuart Rutherford co-authored the Atlas of
Correlative Surgical Neuropathology and Imaging (Fig.17.3). Published in 2012, it
contains over 600 CT and MRI images and 400 full colour pathological images.
Prof. Sally Candy trained in radiology at the University of Cape Town/Groote
Schuur Complex in 1995. Early in her training, she met Pierre Lasjaunias who visited Cape Town to perform pro-bono neuro-intervention on state patients. Impressed
by Pierre’s unique understanding of the role of embryology in the manifestation of
pathology, as well as his extraordinary understanding of neurovascular anatomy, she
became fascinated by neuroradiology and trained under Lenny Handler and Richard
Hewlett. After qualifying, she completed a Diagnostic Neuroradiology Fellowship
at NewYork Presbyterian and Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospitals. Her return to
SA in 2001 coincided with the dawn of the modern era in Neuroradiology in the
state sector. In this year, MRI was installed for the rst time at Groote Schuur
Hospital, the old manual subtraction angiography unit was replaced with a biplanar
DSA suite, 4F catheters and plastic syringes replaced their previous iterations, and
the rst PACS/RIS was introduced. Soon, myelography was to become a scarce skill
and diagnostic catheter angiography was all but supplanted by new, less invasive CT
and MR techniques. Sally was elected Chair of the newly constituted SASNI in
2011 and remains actively involved in academic neuroradiology training and
examining.
Meanwhile at Tygerberg Hospital, Dr. Andre Macdonald was training under the
tutelage of Richard Hewlett. It was through Richard that Andre met Anne Osborn on
a lecture tour to South Africa. He was selected for a 2-year Neuroradiology and
Head & Neck fellowship at the University of Utah from 2001–2003 under the directorship of Professors Osborn and Ric Harnsberger. After completion of his
17
History of South African Neuroradiology
179
Fig. 17.3 Atlas of correlative surgical neuropathology and imaging. (G. Stuart Rutherfoord,
R.H. Hewlett, Atlas of Correlative Surgical Neuropathology and Imaging, 1994, Springer Nature.
Reprinted with permission. Image courtesy of Prof. Leon Janse van Rensburg)
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C. W. Sperryn etal.
fellowship, he remained in the University of Utah academic orbit working at the
Veterans Affairs Hospital. During this period, he contributed extensively to several
Amirsys neuroradiology texts and to the online portal, STATdx. He returned to
South Africa in 2015, bringing specialist expertise in all aspects of neuro/head and
neck imaging.
In 2020, Prof. Christelle Ackermann, Head of the Department of Clinical
Oncology and Imaging, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, completed
a PhD: “Neuroimaging in HIV, an MRI/DTI study.”
Dr. Elias Pretorius completed a 2-year Neuroradiology Fellowship in Calgary,
Canada and having returned to Cape Town is active in Head, Neck, and Skull
base imaging.
In Kwazulu Natal, specialists Peter Corr (UCT trained) and Jay Maharajah were
inuential in shaping and fostering registrars to become familiar with new imaging
modalities and less invasive catheter angiography techniques. In 1995, Peter
recruited Duncan Royston to Wentworth Hospital. Duncan, too, had trained under
Steve Beningeld and Lenny Handler and would be tasked with heading the
Radiology Department and establishing and maintaining the MRI service, focusing
on neuroradiology. Wentworth Hospital had the distinction of being the rst staterun hospital to acquire an MR scanner, and Duncan would be responsible for training radiology registrars from the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine. The opening
of the Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital in 2002 on the outskirts of Durban
with state-of-the-art equipment marked the beginning of a new era in neuro- imaging in the province.
In 2010, Dr. Shalen Misser commenced the European Society of Neuroradiology
Pierre Lasjaunias Courses and was awarded the European Diploma in Neuroradiology.
He was followed initially by Dr. Thami Mngoma and subsequently many others.
These two went on to complete the EDiPNR and the EDiHNNR.Shalen since completed a PhD under Prof. James Barkovich on “Neonatal Hypoxic Ischaemic Brain
Injury.” Wonder-boy Mbatha returned to Durban in 2018 after completing a
Neuroradiology Fellowship at University College London, Queens Square under
Prof. Tarek Yousry and Prof. Rolf Jager.
Dr. Clive Sperryn, a past President of the RSSA, has been the SASNI Chair since
2018. His brief time in Neurosurgery with Prof. James van Dellen at Wentworth
Hospital, Durban before commencing radiology training stimulated an interest in
neuroradiology further strengthened by visiting Fellowships at UCSF. He completed the EDiNR and EDiPNR and has been involved in collaborations with the
ESNR, specically the RSSA SASNI ESNR Spine Course, co-convened with Prof.
Pia Maly Sundgren, and the 2024 Brain Imaging course. During this tenure, SASNI
has grown from 56 to 153 members.
Many South African radiologists now have European Diplomas: (EDiNR 46,
EDiPNR 10, EDiHNNR 5, EDiINR 2.) Prof. Linda Tebogo Hlabangana and Dr.
Marc Jordaan will be part of the Young Leaders Forum at the World Federation, an
initiative of Dr. Daniel Birchall (BSNR).
17 History of South African Neuroradiology
181
Paediatric Neuroradiology
In South Africa, Paediatric Neuroradiology forms part of the work of general radiologists. Until recently, few were fellowship trained.
Cape Town’s Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital (RXH) opened as the
only dedicated paediatric hospital in the Southern Hemisphere in 1956. Paediatric
neuroradiology developed organically with the requirements of the clinical discipline until the introduction of a formal 12-month subspeciality training programme
introduced in 2009 leading to a postgraduate diploma in paediatric radiology by the
University of Cape Town. Similar fellowship training is now available at the Nelson
Mandela Children’s Hospital/Witwatersrand Academic Complex in Johannesburg.
Since 2018, the World Federation for Paediatric Imaging (WFPI), under the auspices of the William Shiels memorial foundation, has offered a 3-month funded
paediatric radiology observership in South Africa, at either Red Cross War Memorial
or the Nelson Mandela Children’s Hospital. These programs have a strong neuro
emphasis and course content.
Several South African Radiologists Have Made
anInternational Name inPaediatric Neuroradiology
Prof. Derek Harwood Nash was a graduate of the University of Cape Town who
specialised at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and established the discipline of Paediatric neuroradiology. His three-volume publication with Charles Fitz
Neuroradiology in Infants and Children in 1976 was an authoritative reference. He
was the founding President of the WFNRS 1994–1998 [6]. His legacy lives on in the
RSNA Derek Harwood-Nash International Fellowship.
Prof. Bryan Cremin headed radiology at RXH and published widely on the
use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of neonatal CNS haemorrhage, tuberculous
meningitis and comparison of transcranial ultrasound and computed tomography
of the infant brain. He and Dr. Douglas Jamieson co-authored Childhood
Tuberculosis: Modern Imaging and Clinical Concepts published by SpringerVerlag in 1995.
Prof. Caroline Robson, ex RXH, has had a stellar career in paediatric neuroradiology with a special interest in Head and Neck at Boston Children’s Hospital. She
is Past President of the ASHNR and the ASPNR.
Prof. Savvas Andronikou began his paediatric radiologist career at RXH in 1998.
An inspiring teacher and prolic researcher, he was responsible for the manual,
Baby Steps into Paediatric Neuroradiology published in SA in 2004 (editors Savvas
Andronikou, Nicky Wieselthaler, Ebrahim Kader). He chaired the SA society of
Paediatric Imaging and having completed 2 PhD’s on neuroradiological topics and
published widely on neuro-imaging topics of importance in the developing world,
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C. W. Sperryn etal.
he now occupies the vice chair of radiological research at the Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia (CHOP) in the USA.
Dr. Tracy Kilborn, who headed the department of radiology at RXH until 2022,
has been a regular speaker at international meetings, including the ESNR annual
meeting.
Dr. Marc Jordaan is a US trained radiologist who completed a Paediatric
Radiology Fellowship at Harvard Medical School, Boston’s Children’s Hospital
where his focus was paediatric neuroradiology. After serving as an Assistant
Professor in Clinical Radiology at Columbia University Medical Center, he has
joined a private practice in Cape Town. He recently completed the EDiNR.
Dr. Gopolang Mndebele has the distinction of having completed a paediatric
neuroradiology fellowship at the Hospital for Sick Children and University of
Toronto and now heads the Nelson Mandela Children’s Hospital. The department is
small, with three radiologists, one of whom is currently completing a fellowship in
paediatric intervention in Toronto and, one junior medical ofcer. There is approved
accreditation for two registrar posts who will rotate through the Witwatersrand academic circuit. All consultants have honorary afliation with Witwatersrand, participating in teaching and research supervision.
Neuro-intervention
Despite its size and geographic location, South Africa has the distinction of early
adoption and progress in the eld of Neurointerventional Radiology (Neuro-IR), in
parallel with large centres in Europe and North America. This is due to the close
personal ties and working relationships between local practitioners and the international pioneers in the eld.
Derek Sables kick-started general Interventional Radiology at Groote Schuur
Hospital with minimally invasive urological procedures. His tenure from 1968–1971
overlapped partially with that of Alan Goldin (1970–1978). Goldin introduced
interventional techniques for vascular occlusion using catheter-delivered cyanoacrylate glue to control haemorrhage, years ahead of its widely accepted use. Torontotrained Phil Harries-Jones (1981–1988) succeeded Goldin and formalised the
interventional radiology (IR) service at Groote Schuur Hospital.
Phil introduced additional angiographic techniques such as angioplasty. Used
routinely today, this was a pioneering procedure at the time. Up until this point,
practitioners were limited by conventional uoroscopic equipment for most procedures, and manual subtraction angiography for cerebral work.
In the 1980s, neuro-intervention was developing rapidly. The French anatomist
and radiologist, Pierre Lasjaunias conceptualised a new way of thinking about neurovascular disease and, together with Alex Berenstein in December 1986, published
one of the seminal works in the eld, the imposing three volume, Surgical
Neuroangiography (Springer Heidelberg).
In the same year, the installation of a digital subtraction angiography suite in the
new Groote Schuur Hospital provided a technological leap for radiology in Cape
17 History of South African Neuroradiology
183
Town. Despite its geographic isolation at the southern tip of Africa, there was recognition of the immense potential of Neuro-IR and registrars were encouraged to
embark on training in the burgeoning eld.
On a visit to the United States, Phil Harries-Jones met Grant Hieshima in San
Francisco and Alejandro Berenstein in NewYork, further fuelling his enthusiasm to
grow the IR service in Cape Town. On his return, he performed and taught a wide
range of procedures, including diagnostic cerebral and spinal angiograms, intra- and
extracranial artery embolisation, aneurysm occlusion, and traumatic AV stula closure. The recently launched Guglielmi detachable coil which was to bring about a
seismic shift in neuro-interventional practice was not yet available in South Africa.
Steve Beningeld was one of the rst radiologists in the country to close CCFs
using detachable latex balloons, a technique he had observed in San Francisco in the
early 1990s. A quiet visionary, superb radiologist, and the newly appointed head of
Radiology at Groote Schuur and Red Cross Children’s Hospital, he recognised the
potential for intervention and oversaw its implementation. Under his watch, Pierre
Lasjaunias visited Groote Schuur Hospital, where he lectured on and demonstrated
Vein of Galen and spinal AV malformation intervention, highlighting the use of
microcatheters, cyanoacrylate, and lipiodol.
With Steve’s support, the formal neurointerventional unit was set up at Groote
Schuur in 2001. Prof. Allan Taylor, a neurosurgeon who had completed the
International master’s degree in Neurovascular Diseases convened by Pierre
Lasjaunias at the Universities of Paris Sud and Chiang Mai and spent practical
observerships with several doyens of the speciality, notably Pierre Lasjaunias, Karel
ter Brugge, George Rodesch, and In Sup Choi, was ideally positioned to head the
unit. At the same time, Lenny Handler returned to play a nal part, encouraging a
newly graduating Radiologist, Ebrahim Kader, to complete the same master’s
degree. Ebrahim, who had been running the Interventional Radiology unit at Groote
Schuur Hospital, briey joined Professor Taylor, but departed shortly thereafter to
establish an interventional service in the private sector in Cape Town. He was
replaced by neurosurgical colleague, Prof. David le Feuvre, who had followed a
similar trajectory into the neurointerventional sphere as Allan and Ebrahim. The
Cape Town Neurointerventional unit is one of the busiest in SA, and the Stroke unit
is the busiest in the country. Internationally renowned, it provides neurointerventional training and support at home and abroad.
Pieter Fourie kicked off the Neuro-IR practice at the Unitas Hospital in Pretoria.
Pieter had GDC training with Jacques Moret in Switzerland in 1995 and was the
rst in South Africa to treat an intracranial aneurysm with the GDC coil system. A
founder member of the Interventional Peer Review Group, Pieter, together with a
neurosurgical colleague, Joachim Mennem, provided a service to the private sector
in his region over several decades. Dr. Sandra Basson, after a 6-month fellowship at
UCLA in 1990, collaborated with Prof. Fourie in the early years but has relocated
to the Eastern Cape and is no longer active. The service continues in the capable
hands of his trainees: Stefan Steyn and Francois Potgieter. Arthur Winter has since
relocated to the Western Cape.
Coert de Vries and Duncan Royston set up units in the central plains,
Bloemfontein, and in the East Coast, Durban, respectively.
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C. W. Sperryn etal.
Coert de Vries headed the respected academic radiology training program at the
University of the Free State between 1996 and 2017 having completed the GDC
course in Oxford in Dec 1995. He launched a general and neuro-interventional service in 1996 with Dr. Eugene Loggenberg. Cases were initially done on a general
screening table until a dedicated angiography suite was commissioned in 1998.
Coert established the rst neurointerventional fellowship program in the country.
Although designed Initially as a 1-year advanced diploma, it was later expanded to
a 2-year MPhil degree in Interventional Radiology, in line with other subspeciality
training in South Africa. The European Board of Interventional Radiology examination was used as the exit exam for this degree.
Radiologists, Peter Nataniël, Matthys van Wyk, Jacques Janse van Rensburg,
Francois Potgieter and Werner van Straaten graduated from this program. Werner
gained further experience in acute stroke treatment in Bern, Switzerland, and now
works with Duncan Royston in private practice in Durban.
Duncan Royston, also inspired by Pierre Lasjaunias while in training at GSH,
completed his Neuro IR fellowship in Oxford with James Byrne and Andy
Molyneux. In 1998, he returned to Durban, South Africa and established a neurointerventional service at Wentworth Hospital and in private practice at Entabeni
Hospital. Dr. Karel Ter Brugge of the Toronto Hospital for Sick Children—a close
friend and colleague of Pierre Lasjaunias, provided valuable mentorship and support during this early phase. In 2002, the agship academic Inkosi Albert Luthuli
Central Hospital (IALCH) in Durban was opened and Duncan was appointed to
train registrars in Interventional Neuroradiology. In 2011, Dr. Rohen
Harrichandparsad, a recently qualied neurosurgeon, began interventional neuroradiology training under Duncan Royston’s tutelage.
Dr. Indheresan Moodley completed a 1-year INR fellowship at the University of
Zürich under the late Prof. Anton Valavanis and set up an interventional practice at
Ethekwini Hospital also in Durban in 2011.
An interventional neuroradiology fellowship was established at IALCH in 2020,
by Dr. Rohen Harrichandparsad and has graduated four fellows to date, all of whom
are running neurointerventional services in state hospitals.
The rst, Dr. Phila Mpanza from Department of Neurosurgery, Sefako Makgatho
Health Sciences University qualied in 2020 and now runs a busy academic
neurointerventional service at Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital in
Ga-Rankuwa.
The second, Dr. Rambelani Khohomela, is currently Head of Unit and Consultant
Neurovascular Surgeon at Chris Hani Baragwanath and Charlotte Maxeke
Hospitals as well as servicing the public/private Donald Gordon Medical Centre
in Johannesburg.
The third (2022), Dr. Bradley Moshokoa, also a neurosurgeon, is currently co-
director of the Neurovascular Unit at Dr. George Mukhari Hospital.
The fourth and most recent fellow, Dr. Thembani Hina, provides neurointerven-
tional services in the public sector in Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth).
The most densely populated province in SA, Gauteng, initially trailed behind the
rest of the country. A key driving personality in the region was Prof. Victor
17 History of South African Neuroradiology
185
Mngomezulu. After a brief stint in private practice, Victor returned to the public
sector as the Head of Department of George Mukhari Hospital which formed part of
the University of Limpopo. After completing the PLANET course and international
observerships, Victor established two neurointerventional units in the Wits
University Academic complex, at Chris Hani Baragwanath (CHBAH) and Charlotte
Maxeke Hospitals. He had a close collaboration with Profs. Taylor and Le Feuvre.
He has been a driving force in growing the subspeciality in SA, advocating for a
multidisciplinary team approach, encompassing neurologists, neurosurgeons, and
radiologists. He has played a signicant role in training active and key members in
the discipline, including Thandi Buthelezi and Werner van Straaten.
During the period of rapid growth in the 1990s, the practice of Neuro-IR was
based on anecdote. Meetings tended to be collegial discussions of techniques based
on limited local experience. It was only after publication of the ISAT trial in 2002,
demonstrating the superiority of endovascular coiling over surgical clipping in the
treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, that Neuro-IR took its rst tentative
steps into the practice of evidence-based medicine. SA saw the launch of an annual
peer review meeting in 1998, arranged by Pieter Fourie, Coert de Vries, Eugene
Loggenberg, Joachim Mennen, Ian Duncan, and Duncan Royston. This meeting has
provided the much-needed support for the expansion of a national neurointerventional service.
Currently the local Neuro-IR efforts are stewarded by the South African
Neurointerventional Society (SANIS) with 21 members with backgrounds in radiology and neurosurgery. Pieter Fourie, Allan Taylor, David le Feuvre, Coert de
Vries, Rohen Harrichandpersad, Arthur Winter, Ebrahim Kader, Victor Mngomezulu,
Francois Potgieter, Stefan Steyn, Duncan Royston, Indheresan Moodley, Mogwale
(Sam) Motebejane, Eugene Loggenberg, Armin Gretschel, Werner van Straaten,
Rambelani Khohomela, Bradley Moshokoa, Phila Martin Mpanza, Theo Nel,
Moaaz Omar.
Academic Support andContinuing Medical Education
Having developed close relationships with American and European luminaries in
the eld of Neuroradiology over years and, cognisant of the need for ongoing specialist training and exposure to the latest advances in the eld, Prof. Leon Janse van
Rensburg formulated the CME branch of the RSSA in 2006. Under the banners of
the various subspeciality groups (SASNI /SASPI and SANIS), annual international
conferences, courses, and topic updates are held on home soil.
In addition, regular webinars on a wide variety of neuro-related topics are held
for RSSA members.
Fellowships in Canada have become sought after since no additional entrance
examination is required.
Because of the close European ties, subspecialisation has become accessible and
affordable to South African radiologists, many of whom have completed accredited
European Society courses.
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C. W. Sperryn etal.
In addition, the ASNR afliated Anne G. Osborn ASNR International Outreach
Program has, since 2017, recruited US-trained senior neuroradiologists chosen for
their teaching skills to spend several weeks each year teaching in South African
academic centres. This program is mutually benecial, exposing American neuroradiologists to the idiosyncrasies of the South African context while providing trainees with insights into neuroimaging trends in countries with less stringent scal and
logistical constraints.
Through the invitation of Dr. Daniel Birchall, our academic departments have
had the opportunity to participate in and present cases at the BSNR Grand Rounds.
At present, Radiology training in SA adequately covers most aspects of brain and
spine imaging for generalist needs. Advanced neuroimaging is, however, either not
available or underutilised. This is due to a combination of factors, including nonreimbursement by medical insurance and the perception that it does not add signicantly to clinical management.
The Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre (CUBIC) is a medical imaging
research facility focusing on problems specic to South Africa and Africa [7].
Located within the recently completed Neuroscience Institute next to Groote
Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, this 3T magnet has been operational since 2015.
Headed by US-trained MRI physicist, Professor Ernesta Meintjies, CUBIC has
established itself as the centre for advanced imaging of psychiatric, neurocognitive, developmental, and psychosocial pathologies in Africa. The unit is active in
the development and renement of novel MR sequences, particularly in MR
motion reduction.
Prof. Mngomezulu is exploring the establishment of a centre of excellence at
CHBAH which will encourage teaching and training of registrars and consultants
from both neurosurgical and radiological departments. The centre will collaborate
with neurointerventional departments both locally and internationally.
The Future
The future presents a challenge for research and training in an environment rich in
research material and opportunities. Mounting resource constraints and dormant/
unlled posts in the state sector pose a threat to training. Original research, which
tends to be done in academic centres, has suffered under the pressures of service
delivery. Research, as it is, has tended to be clinical in its concerns, with expected
emphasis on HIV and Tuberculosis—both disappointingly prevalent in SA. For
neuroradiology to grow beyond diagnostics in SA, there are various socioeconomic,
political, bureaucratic, and academic challenges to overcome.
Broadly, these issues relate to the geographic distribution of the population, the
widening wealth gap, poor healthcare leadership and hospital management in a
struggling public sector. Some academic departments which previously had international recognition are now shadows of their former selves. Unfortunately, the exceptional formally accredited interventional training established by Prof. Coert de
Vries at the University of the Free State was terminated.
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History of South African Neuroradiology
187
Restoring these crumbling institutions is no easy task but not beyond the scope
of imagination. It requires an increased commitment to state hospital service and
academic endeavour to grow the pool of subspeciality trained neuroradiologists in SA.
Given the lack of adequate government support for public services, as with other
spheres in South Africa, alternative and creative strategies need to be developed.
Teleradiology and the use of articial intelligence-generated diagnostic algorithms
could be key to providing a more uniform access to neuroradiology reporting in
underserviced areas of the country. Public-private partnerships with funded registrarships, fellowships, and/or stewarded training could be a way forward. There is a
precedent for this model with certain private hospital groups partnering with universities to complete undergraduate medical student training. Additionally paediatric
fellowship training posts have in the past been sponsored by private radiology rms.
The rich, character-driven history of our subspeciality has left a legacy of partnerships with academic institutions in other parts of the world. International exchange
programs at registrar and post qualication level should be fostered and expanded.
Research collaborations with respected international colleagues would serve to
strengthen academic endeavour, expand the scope of the discipline, and incentivise
this important and exciting career choice.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the international societies and individuals
who have contributed to the development of Neuroradiology in South Africa.
ISMRM, KU Leuven, ESNR, ASNR, WFPI, RSNA, BSNR, ASHNR, PLANET
Prof. Pierre Lasjaunias
Dr. Karel ter Brugge
Prof. Anne Osborn
Prof. Walter Kucharczyk
Prof. Jan Casselman
Dr. Roger Smith
Prof. Savvas Andronikou
Dr. Vincent Chong
Prof. Howard Rowley
Dr. David Saloner
Prof. James Barkovich
Prof. Pia Maly Sundgren
Prof. Majda Thurner
Prof. Rob Hermans
Dr. Berit Verbist
Dr. Yannick De Brucker
Prof. Frank Parmeijer
Dr. Ilona Schmalfuss
Dr. Herve Tanghe
Prof. Turgut Tali
Prof. Johan Van Goethem
Prof. Davide Farina
Prof. Ann King
Prof. Roberto Maroldi
Prof. Alex Rovira
Prof. Paul Parizel