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Fig. 22.18 Dr Ugumba
Mussa Kwikima
C. W. Sperryn et al.
Together with a colleague, Dr Mwajabu Saleh (Fig.22.19), she secured admission to the rst neuroradiology training programme at MUHAS in 2020. This fellowship was set up and supported by RSNA as a Global Learning Centre programme.
This 2-year programme emphasises competency-based clinical training. It has
didactic components, a clinical apprenticeship, longitudinal clinical research
project/publication, and three formal evaluations per semester (Figs. 22.20
and 22.21).
Post fellowship, Dr Kwikima was selected for the 2022 Derek Harwood Nash
Scholarship observership programme at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta.
In her words: “Being an RSNA GLC fellow signicantly expanded my networking opportunities in the eld and has facilitated my involvement in various multidisciplinary collaborations.”
One such important collaboration has been engagement with SNOSSA, the
Society of neuro-oncology of subSaharan Africa. A broad umbrella body comprising radiologists, radiotherapists, neurosurgeons, and neuro-oncologists, SNOSSA
was formed with the vision of enhancing diagnosis and management of CNS
tumours and to reduce this burden in Sub Saharan Africa. Through engagement with
SNOSSA, SIOP (International Society of Paediatric Imaging), and the recently
formed ISMRM African Chapter, Dr Kwikima and colleagues have enhanced their
clinical, diagnostic and research skills. An international conference will be held in
Dar es Salaam in September 2024 with an emphasis on AI and Machine learning in
the African context.
22 Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
Fig. 22.19 First cohort
graduates 2022 (Ugumba
Mussa Kwikima and
Mwajabu Saleh)
251
As pioneers of rst Neuroradiology training programme in the country, she and
colleagues have, with the guidance of RSNA neuroradiology faculty, begun to teach
more neuroradiology fellows within Tanzania. Currently, there are four attending
neuroradiologists in Tanzania, three of whom are women.
By 2027, Tanzania will have trained 11 neuroradiologists locally, eight of whom
will be women. This is an extraordinary achievement and emblematic of what is
possible on our continent.
252
Fig. 22.20 2022
Graduation Dinner (RSNA
GLC and MUHAS Faculty,
Fellows, and Graduates)
Fig. 22.21 Case review
session with Professor
Minja (RSNA Faculty)
C. W. Sperryn et al.
Uganda
Prof. Elsie Kigule Malwadde (Fig.22.22), former Chair of Radiology at Makerere
University and currently the Director of Health Workforce and Development at the
African Centre for Global Health and Social Transformation, established a supportive environment for training women radiologists, mentoring young women in radiology, and encouraging their professional growth.
Dr Rosemary Byanyima, former clinical head of Radiology at Mulago National
Referral Hospital and current Executive Director of the Mulago National Referral
Hospital, advocated for government funding to train radiologists and secure
22
Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
Fig. 22.22 Prof Elsie
Kiguli Malwadde
253
advanced equipment like the 1.5 Tesla MRI magnet. As Executive Director, she
ensures the Radiology department receives necessary supplies and funds. She also
obtained funding for training radiologists, radiology technologists in subspecialties
and MRI techniques.
Dr Rita Nassanga (Fig.22.23), the current Chair of Radiology and Radiotherapy
at Makerere University since 2020, focuses on neuroradiology and is pursuing a
PhD in brain MRI for dementia. Under her leadership, collaborations with the
University of Utah, University of Vermont, and Vanderbilt University Medical
Centre have been established, bringing experts to train residents and radiologists.
She successfully applied for the RSNA International Visiting Professors programme, leading to a two-week training session in head and neck radiology in 2018.
Dr Nassanga is negotiating with these universities to establish a local neuroradiology fellowship in Uganda. Additionally, she is working with Dr Joyce Nayiga and
the MRI Online team to provide affordable neuroradiology courses for local radiologists. She says:
As a medical student at Mbarara University of Science and Technology, I developed right
upper quadrant pain, I was sent for an abdominal sonar which revealed a gallstone. I was
fascinated by the technology and decided to complete a masters in radiology after my
degree in human medicine. In 2015 a radiology elective at McMasters University gave me
254
Fig. 22.23 Dr Rita
Nassanga
C. W. Sperryn et al.
exposure to neuroradiology. I subsequently met Prof Andrea Rossi and Prof James
Barkovich at a conference in South Africa (SASPI) in February 2020 and I am currently
enrolled in a PhD in MR imaging in dementia.
Paediatric Neuroradiology
Dr Valeria Nabbosa (Fig.22.24), radiologist at the Uganda Cancer Institute, specialising in paediatric oncology of the brain, head, and neck CT studies, chairs the
paediatric neuro-oncology tumour boards and trains radiology residents in
neuro-oncology.
Her radiology journey began in her third year of undergraduate medical school at
St. Petersburg University in Russia when she saw cardiac catheterisation. On returning to Uganda, she enrolled for a master’s degree in radiology at Makerere University
and developed an interest in paediatric oncology. In 2021, at a South African Society
of Paediatric Imaging conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, she was inspired
by a lecture given by Prof. Andrea Rossi on paediatric neuro-oncology. She now
22
Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
Fig. 22.24 Dr Valeria
Nabbosa
255
trains radiology residents in neuro-oncology at Makerere University. Her immediate
plans include the establishment of a formal fellowship in Paediatric Neuro-oncology,
to set up a paediatric brain tumour registry in Uganda and to pursue a PhD.
Interventional Neuroradiology
Dr Eva Nabawanuka (Fig.22.25) led the rst Interventional Radiology (IR) fellowship in Uganda, started in August 2023. This programme is accredited by the
Medical Council of Uganda, hosted by Makerere University and Mulago National
Referral Hospital, and is supported by ‘Road to IR’ international faculty. She says:
Growing up I had a grandmother who was hypertensive and called me her doctor because I
always reminded her to take her oral medication, hospital appointments, etc. She was the
rst person who inspired me to become a doctor. Before I took my high school examination,
a radiologist came to our school for a career guidance session. Later I found out that he was
the rst radiologist in the country. I remember listening to him so intently, fascinated by his
description of x-rays that go through metal, form images but cannot be seen or felt. It was
sheer fascination that made me list radiography as one of the options I could take at college.
256
Fig. 22.25 Dr. Eva
Nabawanuka
C. W. Sperryn et al.
Months later I found out that I had a government scholarship to study radiography in
Makerere University. In the radiology department at Mulago hospital, the training facility
for Makerere university, I met many amazing women at various stages of their careers in
radiology from residents to the chair of the department, Prof. Elsie Kiguli. I graduated top
of my class and was beyond excited when I got the offer to practice in the same department.
I would later know these women radiologists more personally and the grace with which
they did their work not only inspired me but also re-awakened my dream of pursuing a
career in medicine. Around the same time, my beloved grandmother had a stroke, and it was
the helplessness that made me determined to go back to medical school. The wonderful
women radiologists continued to support my journey throughout my undergraduate and
post graduate training. My interest in neuroradiology was triggered by the difculty I had
in interpreting CNS imaging. As I became more familiar with diagnostic neuroimaging, I
discovered the possibility of offering interventions to improve clinical outcomes in patients
like my grandmother. This pursuit motivated me to build Uganda’s rst radiology subspe-
cialty fellowship training in Interventional radiology (IR). The pioneer class of three train-
ees (me included) will graduate in August 2025. I look forward to a time I can do mechanical
thrombectomies in patients with stroke at my institution! We are still a long way from
achieving this dream as an institution, but I have learnt that scarcity breeds innovation. And
as we journey along, others are inspired.
Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
22
257
Zambia
Zambia has a total of 18 registered radiologists, ten of whom are women, including
four recent graduates who are in the process of registration. To date, none holds a
subspeciality qualication in neuroradiology.
Two female radiologists, both generalists and foreign nationals, Drs Rheka and
Dilya, practised in Zambian University Teaching Hospitals between 1980 and the
early 2000s. Both have since retired.
Dr Veronica Sunkutu-Sichizya (Fig.22.26) is the rst Zambian radiologist. She
obtained her diagnostic radiology fellowship at The University of Cape Town and
moved back to Zambia where she became consultant radiologist at the University
Teaching Hospitals in Zambia. At the same time, she served as the national coordinator of medical imaging at the Ministry of Health Zambia for 18years. Dr Sichizya
has made signicant contributions to the development of radiology in Zambia. Her
most far-reaching achievement has been the development of the rst fellowship in
diagnostic radiology in Zambia in 2018. To date, this fellowship has graduated a
total of ten diagnostic radiologists, six of whom are women.
Dr Jane Shawa (Fig. 22.27) is another inuential female radiologist. She is
Zambian-born and trained as a diagnostic radiologist at the University of
Fig. 22.26 Dr Veronica
Sunkutu-Sichizya
258
Fig. 22.27 Dr Jane Shawa
C. W. Sperryn et al.
Stellenbosch in South Africa, where she was trained and inspired by Prof. Christelle
Ackerman. Since her return, she has been instrumental in supporting diagnostic
radiology in the Levy Mwanawasa University Hospital in Lusaka.
The rst graduating class of the Fellowship in Diagnostic Radiology under the
Zambia College of Medicine and Surgery comprised four graduates—all women!
These ‘home-grown’ female radiologists are Drs Lena Lambart (Fig.22.28),
Ruth Phiri (Fig.22.29), Juliet Mulopwe (Fig.22.30), and Sarah Nshimbi (Fig.22.31),
who currently head radiology departments of three major public hospitals in Zambia.
Despite not having had dedicated subspeciality training, they feel competent to
report on most aspects of neuroradiology. They credit consultant neuroradiologists,
Drs Michael Pochen (University of Rochester University, NY) and Doris Lin (Johns
Hopkins, Baltimore), and Drs Jill Wruble and Professor Gretchen Birbeck, who
were founders of the local Zambian radiology training programme. They refer particularly to Professor Pochen’s dedication and consistency (he remains very actively
involved, conducting in-person neuroradiological mentorship on his annual visits to
Zambia and twice weekly online case conferences with local radiologists and
residents).
22 Women in Neuroradiology inAfrica
Fig. 22.28 Dr Lena
Lambart
259
Dr Lambart: “Despite not being specialized in Neuroradiology, I believe that I
have been able to be of assistance to the Zambian population, together with my colleagues in the other tertiary hospitals. However, there is still a need to encourage
specialization in neuroradiology and other disciplines.”
Dr Sarah Nshimbi describes her excitement at being awarded the 2024 American
Society of Paediatric Neuroradiology educational scholarship (ASPNR): “This is an
online resource that gives me access to the latest advancement in paediatric neuroradiology. Interacting with the international community through webinars and visiting the radiology department on a 2-month observership at University of Rochester
in Rochester NewYork and interacting with residents and radiologists in their normal work environment.”
Referring to the problems encountered in their home country (which may be
common to all countries which lack the IT infrastructure necessary to optimise what
imaging is available), she adds: “The systemic inefciencies that make timely diag-
nosis and communication of results so protracted that it impedes appropriate clinical management.”