Death Sentences and Executions for Juvenile Crimes in the usa

The death … for juvenile offenders is an almost uniquely American… . This practice appears to have been abandoned everywhere else in large part due to the express … of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and of several other international treaties and agreements.

The United States is … the only country in the world that has not yet ratified this international agreement, in large part because of the American desire to remain free to … the death penalty for juvenile offenders.

The … to death of juvenile offenders in the US has remained fairly … over the past two decades, but the actual execution of such … has been much more sporadic. For example, the early 1990s …an extraordinary increase in actual executions of juvenile offenders.Then there were three … in 1998 and another in early 1999.Actual execution of such … juveniles began in 1642. In the over three and one-half centuries since that time, a total of 357 … have been executed for juvenile crimes.

The periods on death … awaiting execution for the XXth century … juvenile offenders raged from six years to over twenty years. This extraordinary delay between sentencing and … is also typical for adult …, but earlier death penalty saw … of only a very few years at most. All but one of the juvenile offenders executed in the XXth century were age seventeen at the … of their crimes. Texas is the … in execution of juvenile offenders, accounting for seven of thirteen … executions.

b)

searches rate detained adult

community options locked juvenile

addicted reality individual label

throwaways reoffend barbed probation

detention crowded locking sentence

Juvenile Hall Is No Place for Kids

One of the local …centres where juvenile delinquents are held while their cases are pending is called the “Youth Home”. The irony of the … is never lost on the visitor, as the contrast between the name and the … could hardly be more stark.

The rundown building is surrounded by … wire. Inside, kids sleep in narrow … cells, no different from what you’d find in an… jail. They are subjected to strip … and attend an hour or two of ‘school’ in a … room filled with a random selection of books.

Juveniles are … here for a variety of reasons. Some have been deemed dangerous to the … as a result of past or current criminal charges. Others are runaways or … whose parents say they have no other… . A good number are drug … or mentally ill children who are awaiting placement in treatment centers. Many are caught up in both the child welfare and … justice systems, without family to support their release.

Repeated studieshave demonstrated that … up young people has little impact on recidivism rates and that ultimately it is harmful to the … as well as the community. Research has shown that neither the type of offense nor the length of the … is an accurate predictor of whether a juvenile will… . In fact, there is no significant difference between the rearrest… for offenders who served … versus those who were committed.

7. a) Give the name of the defined law breaker if he:

1. steals a _ _ _ _ _

2. steals purses and wallets a _ _ _ k _ _ _ _ _ _

3. gets money by threatening to disclose

personal information a _ _ _ _ k _ _ _ _ _ _

4. seizes aeroplanes a _ _ j _ _ _ _ _

5. takes things from a shop without paying a _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _

6. kills people a _ _ r _ _ _ _ _

7. steals from houses or from offices a _ _ _ g _ _ _

8. steals from banks or trains a _ _ b _ _ _

9. takes people hostage for a reason a _ _ _ n _ _ _ _ _

10. steals government secrets a _ _ _

11. wilfully destroys property a v _ _ _ _ _

12. marries illegally while being married already a b _ _ _ _ _ _ _

b) Say what of these criminals can be juveniles. Explain your point of view.

7. Choose the right answer.

a) 1. The policeman asked the suspect to make a(n)… .

a) account b) declaration c) deposition d) statement

2. The unruly … was broken up by the police.

a) collection b) congregation c) group d) mob

3. Prince Andrew was found dead in his palace this morning. The police have … anysuggestion of foul play.

a) discounted b) neglected c) omitted d) overlooked

4. The chief of police said that he saw no … between the four murders.

a) communication b) connection c) join d) joint

The detective stood … behind the door waiting for the assailant.

a) immovable b) lifeless c) motionless d) static

The police arrested the wrong man mainly because they ... the names they had been given by the witness.

a) bewildered b) confused c) merged : d) puzzled

The police ... off the street where the bomb had gone off.

a) battened b) cordoned c) fastened d) shuttered

The police set a … to catch the thieves.

a) device b) plan c) snare d) trap

9. The police asked if I thought I could … the man who stole mycar if I looked at somephotos.

a) certify b) identify c) justify d) verify

The policeman was … when he saw a light in the office.

a) deductive b) disturbing c) suggestive d) suspicious

11. The inspector was a very … man and he rechecked the evidence several times.

a) attentive b) complete c) thorough d) thoughtful

12. The police who were … the crime could find no clues at all.

a) enquiring b) investigating c) researching d) seeking

13. We promise not to reveal your … if you tell us who the murderer is.

a) anonymity b) identification c) identity d) personality

14. The police are … the town for the stolen car.

a) combing b) investigating c) looking d) seeking

15. The police have not yet found a possible … for the murder.

a) example b) motive c) principle d) understanding

16. The police … their attention to the events that led up to the accident.

a) completed b) confined c) confirmed d) contained

17. As he was caught in … of a gun, he was immediately a suspect.

a) control b) handling c) ownership d) possession

18. As the result of the police ... on the disco, ten people were arrested.

a) entry b) invasion c) raid d) storm

19. I was informed by the police constable that he would be forced to take me into… .

a) confinement b) custody c) detection d) guardianship

20. It is the responsibility of the police to … the law, not to take it into their own hands.

a) compel b) enforce c) force d) press

21. After the accident the policeman asked if there had been any… .

a) observers b) onlookers c)spectators d) witnesses

22. The police were … in their examination of the murder site.

a) concentrated b) exhausting c) intense d) thorough

23. The police made sure everyone stood well … of the fire.

a) away b) clear c) free d) out

24. Why don’t the police take ... measures against crime?

a) affective b) effective c) efficient d) ineffective

b) 1. There is no doubt about the outcome of the trial. The man is a … criminal.

a) self-centred b) self-confessed c) self-conscious d) self-contained

2. If the terrorists are not sent to prison, there will be a public… .

a) attack b) onslaught c) outcry d) recrimination

3. It is often difficult for ex-convicts to keep to the … and narrow.

a) deep b) long c) straight d) wide

4. When the detectives finally trapped him, he had to … to lying.

a) recourse b) resort c) resource d) retort

5. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile… .

a) convicts b) delinquents c) sinners d) villain

6. The murderer proved to be an apparently well-behaved … middle-aged woman.

a) inoffensive b) offensive c) unoffending d) unsuspicious

7. He found some squatters living in his house so he asked the court for a speedy … order.

a) discharge b) ejection c) eviction d) expulsion

8. The witness … the statements made by the accused man.

a) agreed b) confessed c) corroborated d) testified

9. A prominent local figure was … as co-respondent in a divorce case.

a) accused b) cited c) nominated d) quoted

10. The whole story was a … of her imagination.

a) fabrication b) fantasy c) figment d) figure

11. As she was the murderer’s mother, the judge … the normal restrictions on visits and lether see him.

a) abandoned b) lifted c) relinquished d) surrendered

12. The baby at the centre of the controversy has been made a … of court.

a) child b) progeny c) protege d) ward

13. After considering the evidence for a few hours, the Jury came to a(n) … verdict.

a) unambiguous b) unanimous c) undivided d) united

14. It was a reasonable … to draw in the light of the evidence.

a) assessment b) conclusion c) interpretation d) verdict

15. Ms.Stickyfinger was charged with … the funds of the organization.

a) misappropriating b) mislaying c) mistaking d) misplacing

7. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Topical Vocabulary “Juvenile Delinquency”:

1. Juvenile delinquents don’t follow the rules accepted in the society. 2. Some juvenile wreck the plan of the lesson if they get boredor don’t attend classes at all if they dislike some subject. 3. One of the ways to return young offenders to nondelinquent life is to provide psychological help at school. 4. Nick was imprisoned for using and selling drugs. 5. In Scotland a group made up of citizens deal with young offenders under 16. 6. The repeater knew for sure that his case would be sent to the court that heard criminal cases against those under 18. 7. Some young offenders who are released on probation don’t see a probation officer. 8.In Scotlandthe principal Law Officer of the Crown givesinstructions before the case of any young offender under 16 years of age is heard. 9. There are special institutions where juvenile offenders live before they stand trial. 10. How long should he be in prison before he gets the cancellation of his penalty?11. I can’t believe that the judge could send him to death. 12. As your son is only 17, by the law he is not an adult and his case will be heard by a juvenile court. 13. If the judge decides your child can’t be taken home, John will be sent to a juvenile correction for serving his term. 14. The squad car detained the boy drinking beer in the park after the specified hour and the policeman in charge had touse handcuffs as the minor showed much violence and swore like a trooper. 15.Nobody could believe this innocent-looking girl was a leader of a gang attacking Afro-Americans, mugging schoolchildren and burgling houses.

7. Translate the following passages into English using the Topical Vocabulary “Juvenile Delinquency”.

а)

Зарубіжний досвідвпровадження ювенальної юстиції

Згідно з Кримінально-процесуальним кодексом Румунії, процедура розслідування і судового розгляду у випадках, коли обвинувачуваний є неповнолітнім,є такою ж, як і для повнолітніх, за деякими винятками. У випадку, якщо молодій особі ще не виповнилось 16-ти років, і якщо орган, який проводить слідство, вважає це за необхідне, на слухання справи абодля бесіди можуть бути викликані представники органу опіки або батьки. Крімтого, орган опіки має підготувати доповідь про соціальне обстеження неповнолітнього. Справи неповнолітніх слухаються в закритому засіданні.

Щодо неповнолітніх можуть бути призначені покарання і заходи виховного характеру. Покараннями є тюремне ув’язнення і штрафи. Єдина відмінністьполягає в тому, що за злочин, вчинений дитиною, строки ув’язнення скорочуються наполовину в порівнянні зі строками за такі ж злочини, вчинені повнолітніми.

Заходами виховного характеру є попередження, ордери на нагляд, ордери на відвідання навчального центру і тримання в спеціальній лікарні.Ордер на нагляд призначається строком на один рік, під наглядом батьківдитини, прийомних батьків або вчителя, в залежності від обставин.

Суд може постановити, щоб дитина виконувала одну або декілька з таких вимог: не наближатись до певних місць; не спілкуватись з певними особами; пройти від50 до 200 годин громадських робіт, не більше 3 годин на день, після школи, навихідних та в святкові дні.

З метою перевиховання дитини може бути призначений ордер на відвіданнянавчального центру – дитині надається можливість навчатись і отримати професійну підготовку відповідно до її здібностей. Тримання в навчальному центрізастосовується у випадку, коли інші виховні заходи виявляються недостатніми.

b)

Покарання чи виховання? Введення ювенальної юстиції: за та проти

У світі не припиняються дискусії на тему: ювенальні суди — це добре чи погано? Прихильники ювенальних судів стверджують, що з дітьми неможливо працювати так само, як і з дорослими. Тому необхідне введення спеціалізованих судових складів, які в роботі керуватимуться принципами швидкого й неупередженого розгляду справ, відповідності покарання, захисту конфіденційних даних і неприпустимості спричинення шкоди дитині, уникати вироків, пов’язаних з позбавленням волі, замінюючи їх там, де тільки можливо, медіацією, штрафами, виховними заходами та громадськими роботами. Робиться це заради того, щоб не ламати підліткові, котрий один раз оступився, все життя.

Перший «дитячий» суд був створений у 1899 році в США на підставі прийнятого в штаті Іллінойс закону «Про дітей покинутих, безпритульних і злочинних і про нагляд за ними». Для розгляду справ стосовно неповнолітніх були введені й нові юридичні терміни, наприклад поняття «винуватий», «правопорушник», що відрізняються від поняття «злочинець». Був законодавчо закріплений статус неповнолітнього правопорушника, що став суб’єктом ювенальної юстиції.

У Росії перший суд у справах неповнолітніх був створений у Петербурзі в 1910 році. Потім після 1935 року функції судді у справах неповнолітніх здійснював спеціальний мировий суддя, до компетенції якого належав розгляд справ про злочини неповнолітніх, а також дорослих – підбурювачів підлітків.Уперше було сформульовано правило про неприпустимість розгляду справ неповнолітніх без участі захисту.

7. Each of the words in bold is in the wrong form. Give the correct form.

1. Juvenile delinquent is a child or young person who shows no concern for other people or behaves in a criminalization way. 2. The juvenile court is a special court that handles cases involving children who have commitment crimes or need the care and protection of society. 3. Preliminary findings show that current methods for unpunishability juveniles are not working. 4. The most important reason for punishing young offenceis to deter them from committing more crimes. 5. Neglectedcases involve children whose parents do not or cannot care for them properly. 6. Delinquent cases involve children who have broken the law or who are difficult to control. 7. Criminals under the age of 18 may be sent to one of several types of young offenceless’ institutions. 8. Institutions where juvenile offenders wait to appear in court are called remanding homes. 9. Community homes replace old approved schools, special schools in Britain where children who have broken the lawlessness are sent if they are under 18 and so can’t be sent to prison. 10. Throwing young offenders in prison is not a solution of the problem of juvenile crime. 11. The judge recommended sending the 15-year-old defenceman to a correctional boot camp. 12. I’ve worked with the juvenile justice system for the past twenty years and I am in favour of developing rehabilitant programs. 13. A gang of adolescence broke into a library in a small town and damaged most of electronic equipment. 14. In Scotland, children under 16 are not dealt with through the court, but send to a Child’s Panel made up of citizens.

7. Do the snail puzzle if the last letter of one world is the first letter of the next one. The number of letters in the word is given in the brackets.The first and the last words demonstrate how one mistake can change the person’s life.

1. not a serious crime (12)

2. the crime of having sexual intercourse by force (4)

3. using money placed in one’s care for one’s own benefit (12)

4. the lowest court (two words, 5+5)

5. stealing something (5)

6. time at prison (4)

7. a kind of homicide (12)

8. a man who robs (6)

9. the thing stolen from the finger (4)

10. it was proved (5)

11. examination in a court of law before a judge (5)

12. theft (7)

13. give up (5)

14. arrest (9)

15. a terrible dream at night (9)

16. anything that gives reason for believing something, that proves something (8)

17. serving as an excuse for committing a crime (11)

18. member of a gang(8)

19. enemy (5)

20. rule made by authority for the proper regulation of society (3)

21. person giving evidence under oath (7)

22. written order requiring a person to appear in a law-court (8)

23. crime connected with fire (5)

24. answer of the accused if he’s committed that crime (2)

25. criminal (8)

7. a) Read the text below. Choose from (1-12) the one which best fits each space. There are two choices you do not need to use. Check your choice in the group.