Attack and Response
A
ttack
Wouldn’t you agree
Wouldn’t you say that
I
sn’t
it (also) true (to say, believe, assume)
Isn’t it just possible tentative that + s
Might it not (also) be true
S
urely
you’d admit
D
on’t
you thinkdirect
tag questions: X is ..., isn’t it?
X doesn’t..., does it?direct
If you ask me; As you see it; I'd like to point out that; The point is
Response
I see (take) your point
Possibly (maybe so)
I’d agree with you to a certain extent
(tentative)
That may well be (direct) but+attack
F
air
enough
OK informal
That’s quite true...
Perhaps, but don’t you think that
I’m not sure I quite agree
I see what you mean, but
Come off it! You can’t be serious.
* * *
Expressions to Be Used While Doing Rendering
The title of the article is …/ The article is entitled …
It is taken/obtained from …
The article deals with …/ The main idea of the article is …
At the beginning of the article (in the beginning) the author
describes
depicts
dwells on
touches upon
explains
introduces
mentions
recalls
characterizes
analyses
comments on
enumerates
points out
generalizes
criticizes
makes a few critical remarks on
reveals/ exposes
accuses/ blames
condemns
mocks at/ ridicules
praises/ sing the praises
sympathizes with
gives a summary of/ gives his account of
makes an excursus into
digresses from the subject to describe …
5. Then (after that, further, further on, next) the author
passes on to …
goes on from/ goes on to say that
gives a detailed analysis/description of …(SEE point 4)
6. In conclusion the author …(SEE point 4)
At the end of the article the author draws the conclusion that …
At the end of the article the author sums it all up by saying …
The concluding words are …
Unit Three
Glossary Literature
|
Major forms |
Major forms |
|
Novel |
Drama |
|
Poem |
Romance |
|
Drama |
Satire |
|
Short story |
Tragedy |
|
Novella |
Comedy |
|
Myths |
Tragicomedy |
|
|
|
* * *
Literature genres
|
Term |
Description |
|
Fiction |
nonfactual descriptions and events invented by the author |
|
Nonfiction |
a communication in which descriptions and events are understood to be factual |
|
Fiction | |
|
Classic |
fiction that has become part of an accepted literary canon, widely taught in schools |
|
Comic/Graphic Novel |
scripted fiction told visually in artist drawn pictures, usually in panels and speech bubbles |
|
Crime/Detective |
fiction about a committed crime, how the criminal gets caught, and the repercussions of the crime |
|
Fable |
narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale |
|
Fairy tale |
story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children |
|
Fanfiction – fiction |
written by a fan of, and featuring characters from, a particular TV series, movie, etc. |
|
Fantasy |
fiction with strange or otherworldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality |
|
Fiction narrative |
literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact |
|
Fiction in verse |
full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in verse form (usually free verse) |
|
Folklore |
the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth
|
|
Historical fiction |
story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting |
|
Horror |
fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader |
|
Humor |
Usually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause intended laughter; but can be contained in all genres |
|
Legend |
story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material |
|
Metafiction |
also known as romantic irony in the context of Romantic works of literature, uses self-reference to draw attention to itself as a work of art, while exposing the "truth" of a story |
|
Mystery |
fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets |
|
Mythology |
legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods |
|
Poetry |
verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses |
|
Realistic fiction |
story that is true to life |
|
Science fiction |
story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets |
|
Short story |
fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots |
|
Suspense/Thriller |
fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts made to evade the harm |
|
Tall tale |
humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance |
|
Nonfiction | |
|
Atlas |
A collection of maps |
|
Biography/Autobiography |
Narrative of a person's life. A true story about a real person. |
|
Dictionary |
A collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), with usage of information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, translation, and other information; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon. |
|
Encyclopedia |
A type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge |
|
Essay |
A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point. |
|
Guidebook |
A book of information about a place, designed for the use of visitors or tourists |
|
Manual |
A technical communication document intended to give assistance to people using a particular system |
|
Textbook |
Authoritative and detailed factual description of a topic. |
|
Reference book |
Dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, almanac, atlas, etc. |
* * *