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I n s i d e M a c O S X

Aqua

Human Interface Guidelines

June 2002

Apple Computer, Inc.

© 2002 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Apple Computer, Inc., with the following exceptions: Any person is hereby authorized to store documentation on a single computer for personal use only and to print copies of documentation for personal use provided that the documentation contains Apple’s copyright notice.

The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws.

No licenses, express or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this book. Apple retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this book. This book is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple-labeled or Apple-licensed computers

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this document is accurate. Apple is not responsible for typographical errors.

Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 408-996-1010

Apple, the Apple logo, AirPort, AppleScript, AppleTalk, AppleWorks, Aqua, Cocoa, Final Cut Pro, FireWire, iMac, Keychain, Mac, Macintosh, QuickDraw, QuickTime, Sherlock, and WorldScript are

trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.

Balloon Help, Carbon, Finder, iMovie, iPhoto, iTunes, and ResEdit are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Objective-C is a trademark of NeXT Software, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.

Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.

Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada

Even though Apple has reviewed this manual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL, ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND ACCURACY.

IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT OR INACCURACY IN THIS MANUAL, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. No Apple dealer, agent, or employee is authorized to make any modification, extension, or addition to this warranty.

Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.

Contents

Figures and Tables

13

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Aqua Human Interface Guidelines

21

 

 

 

The Benefits of Applying the Interface Guidelines

22

 

Deciding What to Do First

23

 

 

 

 

 

Tools and Resources for Applying the Guidelines

24

 

If You Have a Need Not Covered by the Guidelines

25

 

Chapter 2 Human Interface Design

 

27

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Human Interface Design Principles

27

 

 

 

Metaphors

27

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

See-and-Point

28

 

 

 

 

 

 

Direct Manipulation

28

 

 

 

 

 

User Control

29

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Feedback and Communication

 

29

 

 

 

Consistency

30

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)

30

 

 

Forgiveness

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Perceived Stability

31

 

 

 

 

 

Aesthetic Integrity

31

 

 

 

 

 

Modelessness

32

 

 

 

 

 

 

Knowledge of Your Audience

33

 

 

 

 

Worldwide Compatibility

33

 

 

 

 

 

Cultural Values

34

 

 

 

 

 

 

Language Differences

34

 

 

 

 

 

Text Display and Text Editing

 

35

 

 

 

Default Alignment of Interface Elements

36

 

 

Resources

36

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

 

Universal Accessibility

37

 

 

 

Visual Disabilities

38

 

 

 

Hearing Disabilities

38

 

 

 

Physical Disabilities

39

 

 

Chapter 3

The Dock

 

41

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Dock’s Onscreen Position

41

 

 

Dock Notification Behavior

42

 

 

Dock Menus

 

43

 

 

 

 

Clicking in the Dock

44

 

 

Chapter 4

Menus

45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Menu Elements

45

 

 

 

 

Menu Titles

 

46

 

 

 

 

Menu Items

 

46

 

 

 

 

Grouping Items in Menus

47

 

 

Hierarchical Menus (Submenus)

48

 

Menu Behavior

49

 

 

 

 

Scrolling Menus

50

 

 

 

Toggled Menu Items

50

 

 

 

Sticky Menus

51

 

 

 

Standard Pull-Down Menus (The Menu Bar)

52

The Apple Menu

53

 

 

 

The Application Menu

54

 

 

The Application Menu Title

54

 

The Application Menu Contents

55

 

The File Menu

56

 

 

 

The Edit Menu

59

 

 

 

The View Menu

61

 

 

 

The Window Menu

61

 

 

The Help Menu

63

 

 

 

Menu Bar Status Items

63

 

 

Other Menus

63

 

 

 

Contextual Menus

64

 

 

 

4

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

Using Special Characters and Text Styles in Menus

65

Using Symbols in Menus

65

 

 

 

Using Text Styles and Fonts in Menus

67

 

Using Ellipses in Menus and Buttons

67

 

Chapter 5 Windows

69

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Window Layering

70

 

 

 

 

Window Appearance and Behavior

70

 

 

Textured Windows

72

 

 

 

 

Opening and Naming Windows

74

 

 

Positioning Windows

 

76

 

 

 

Closing Windows

 

79

 

 

 

 

Moving Windows

 

80

 

 

 

 

Resizing and Zooming Windows

80

 

 

Active and Inactive Windows

81

 

 

Click-Through

 

82

 

 

 

 

 

Scroll Bars and Scrolling Windows

85

 

Automatic Scrolling

87

 

 

Minimizing and Expanding Windows

 

88

Windows With Changeable Panes

88

 

Special Windows

88

 

 

 

Drawers

88

 

 

 

 

 

When to Use Drawers

89

 

 

Drawer Behavior

 

90

 

 

 

Utility Windows

 

91

 

 

 

The About Window

92

 

 

Chapter 6 Dialogs

95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Types of Dialogs and When to Use Them

95

Document-Modal Dialogs (Sheets)

96

 

Sheet Behavior

 

97

 

 

 

When to Use Sheets

98

 

 

When Not to Use Sheets

98

 

 

Alerts

98

 

 

 

 

 

5

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

Dialog Behavior

101

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accepting Changes

 

101

 

 

 

 

 

The Open Dialog

102

 

 

 

 

 

Saving, Closing, and Quitting Behavior

105

 

 

 

Save Dialogs

105

 

 

 

 

 

 

Closing a Document With Unsaved Changes

109

 

 

Saving Documents During a Quit Operation

110

 

 

Saving a Document With the Same Name as an Existing Document

113

The Choose Dialog

 

114

 

 

 

 

 

The Printing Dialogs

115

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 7 Controls

 

119

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Control Behavior and Appearance

120

 

 

 

 

Push Buttons

120

 

 

 

 

 

 

Push Button Specifications

121

 

 

 

 

Radio Buttons and Checkboxes

122

 

 

 

 

Radio Button and Checkbox Specifications

123

 

 

Selections Containing More Than One Checkbox State

124

 

Pop-Up Menus

124

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pop-Up Menu Specifications

126

 

 

 

 

Command Pop-Down Menus

127

 

 

 

 

Command Pop-Down Menu Specifications

127

 

 

Combination Boxes

 

128

 

 

 

 

 

Combo Box Specifications

129

 

 

 

 

The Text Entry Field

129

 

 

 

 

 

The Scrolling List

130

 

 

 

 

 

Placards

130

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bevel Buttons

131

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bevel Button Specifications

132

 

 

 

 

Toolbars

133

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pop-Up Icon Buttons and Pop-Up Bevel Buttons

134

 

 

Slider Controls

137

 

 

 

 

 

 

Slider Control Specifications

137

 

 

 

 

Tab Controls

 

138

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tab Control Specifications

139

 

 

 

 

Progress Indicators

 

141

 

 

 

 

 

6

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C O N T E N T S

Text Fields and Scrolling Lists

 

144

Tools for Creating Lists

144

 

Text Input Field Specifications

145

Scrolling List Specifications

 

146

 

Image Wells

147

 

 

 

 

 

 

Disclosure Triangles

 

148

 

 

 

Chapter 8

Layout Guidelines

149

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Positioning Controls in Dialogs and Windows

149

 

Group Boxes

151

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sample Dialog Layouts

 

154

 

 

 

 

Using Small Versions of Controls

160

 

 

Chapter 9

User Input

163

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Mouse and Other Pointing Devices

163

 

 

Using the Mouse

 

164

 

 

 

 

Clicking

164

 

 

 

 

 

 

Double-Clicking

 

164

 

 

 

 

Pressing

165

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dragging

165

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Keyboard

166

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Functions of Specific Keys

166

 

 

 

Character Keys

 

166

 

 

 

 

Modifier Keys

169

 

 

 

 

Arrow Keys

170

 

 

 

Function Keys

174

 

 

 

 

Reserved and Recommended Keyboard Equivalents

176

Key Combinations Reserved by the System

176

 

Recommended Keyboard Equivalents

179

 

Creating Your Own Keyboard Equivalents

 

180

 

Keyboard Focus and Navigation

182

 

 

 

Full Keyboard Access Mode

184

 

 

 

Type-Ahead and Auto-Repeat

185

 

 

 

7

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

 

Selecting

185

 

 

 

 

 

 

Selection Methods

186

 

 

 

 

Selection by Clicking

186

 

 

 

 

Selection by Dragging

187

 

 

 

Changing a Selection With Shift-Click

187

 

 

Changing a Selection With Command-Click

188

 

Selections in Text

189

 

 

 

 

 

Selecting With the Mouse

190

 

 

 

What Constitutes a Word

190

 

 

 

Selecting Text With the Arrow Keys

192

 

 

Selections in Graphics

192

 

 

 

 

Selections in Arrays and Tables

192

 

 

 

Editing Text

 

193

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inserting Text

193

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deleting Text

193

 

 

 

 

 

 

Replacing a Selection

 

194

 

 

 

 

Intelligent Cut and Paste

194

 

 

 

Editing Text Fields

195

 

 

 

 

Entering Passwords

196

 

 

 

Chapter 10

Fonts

197

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 11

Icons

201

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Icon Genres and Families

202

 

 

 

 

Application Icons

204

 

 

 

 

 

User Application Icons

204

 

 

 

Viewer, Player, and Accessory Icons

206

 

 

Utility Icons

207

 

 

 

 

 

Non-Application Icons

207

 

 

 

 

Document Icons

207

 

 

 

 

Icons for Preferences and Plug-ins

209

 

 

Icons for Hardware and Removable Media

209

 

Toolbar Icons

211

 

 

 

 

 

 

Icon Perspectives and Materials

213

 

 

8

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

Conveying an Emotional Quality in Icons

216

Suggested Process for Creating Aqua Icons

216

Tips for Designing Aqua Icons

218

 

Chapter 12 Drag and Drop

219

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drag and Drop Design Overview

 

219

 

Drag and Drop Semantics

220

 

 

 

 

Move Versus Copy

220

 

 

 

 

When to Check the Option Key State

 

221

Selection Feedback

222

 

 

 

 

Single-Gesture Selection and Dragging

222

Background Selections

222

 

 

 

 

Drag Feedback

223

 

 

 

 

 

 

Destination Feedback

223

 

 

 

 

Windows

 

223

 

 

 

 

 

 

Text

224

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Multiple Dragged Items

224

 

 

 

 

Automatic Scrolling

 

225

 

 

 

 

Using the Trash as a Destination

225

 

Drop Feedback

225

 

 

 

 

 

 

Finder Icons

226

 

 

 

 

 

 

Graphics

 

226

 

 

 

 

 

 

Text

226

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transferring a Selection

226

 

 

 

 

Feedback for an Invalid Drop

 

227

 

 

Clippings

227

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 13 Language

 

229

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Style

229

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Terminology

 

230

 

 

 

 

 

 

Developer Terms and User Terms

230

Labels for Interface Elements

 

230

 

 

Capitalization of Interface Elements

 

231

Using Contractions in the Interface

 

232

Writing Good Alert Messages

232

 

 

9

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

Chapter 14 User Help and Assistants

235

 

 

Apple’s Philosophy of Help

235

 

 

 

Help Viewer

237

 

 

 

 

 

Providing Access to Help

237

 

 

 

Help Tags

238

 

 

 

 

 

 

Help Tag Guidelines

239

 

 

 

Setup Assistants

 

241

 

 

 

 

Chapter 15 Files

245

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Installing Files

 

245

 

 

 

 

 

Where to Put Files

247

 

 

 

 

Handling Plug-ins

249

 

 

 

 

Naming Files and Showing Filename Extensions

 

249

Displaying Pathnames

251

 

 

 

Chapter 16 Speech Recognition and Synthesis

253

 

 

 

 

 

 

Speech Recognition

254

 

 

 

 

Speakable Items

255

 

 

 

 

The Speech Recognition Interface

255

 

 

Speech-Recognition Errors

257

 

 

 

Guidelines for Implementing Speech Recognition

257

Speech Synthesis

 

258

 

 

 

 

Guidelines for Implementing Speech Synthesis

 

258

Spoken Dialogues and Delegation

260

 

 

Appendix A Checklist for Creating Aqua Applications

261

 

 

 

 

 

General Considerations

261

 

 

 

Installation and File Location

263

 

 

 

Graphic Design

 

263

 

 

 

 

 

Menus

263

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pop-Up Menus

 

264

 

 

 

 

 

Windows

265

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

Utility Windows

266

 

 

 

Scrolling

 

266

 

 

 

 

Dialogs

 

267

 

 

 

 

Feedback and Alerts

 

268

 

 

The Mouse

269

 

 

 

 

Keyboard Equivalents

269

 

 

Text

270

 

 

 

 

Icons

270

 

 

 

 

User Documentation

 

271

 

 

Help Tags

271

 

 

 

 

Appendix B Mac OS X Terminology Guidelines

273

 

 

 

Appendix C Document Revision History

285

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Glossary

289

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

297

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

C O N T E N T S

12

Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002

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