- •Contents
- •Figures and Tables
- •Introduction to the Aqua Human Interface Guidelines
- •The Benefits of Applying the Interface Guidelines
- •Deciding What to Do First
- •Tools and Resources for Applying the Guidelines
- •If You Have a Need Not Covered by the Guidelines
- •Human Interface Design
- •Human Interface Design Principles
- •Metaphors
- •See-and-Point
- •Direct Manipulation
- •User Control
- •Feedback and Communication
- •Consistency
- •WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
- •Forgiveness
- •Perceived Stability
- •Aesthetic Integrity
- •Modelessness
- •Knowledge of Your Audience
- •Worldwide Compatibility
- •Cultural Values
- •Language Differences
- •Default Alignment of Interface Elements
- •Resources
- •Universal Accessibility
- •Visual Disabilities
- •Hearing Disabilities
- •Physical Disabilities
- •The Dock
- •The Dock’s Onscreen Position
- •Dock Notification Behavior
- •Dock Menus
- •Clicking in the Dock
- •Menus
- •Menu Elements
- •Menu Titles
- •Menu Items
- •Grouping Items in Menus
- •Hierarchical Menus (Submenus)
- •Menu Behavior
- •Scrolling Menus
- •Toggled Menu Items
- •Sticky Menus
- •Standard Pull-Down Menus (The Menu Bar)
- •The Apple Menu
- •The Application Menu
- •The Application Menu Title
- •The Application Menu Contents
- •The File Menu
- •The Edit Menu
- •The View Menu
- •The Window Menu
- •The Help Menu
- •Menu Bar Status Items
- •Other Menus
- •Contextual Menus
- •Using Special Characters and Text Styles in Menus
- •Using Symbols in Menus
- •Using Text Styles and Fonts in Menus
- •Using Ellipses in Menus and Buttons
- •Windows
- •Window Layering
- •Window Appearance and Behavior
- •Textured Windows
- •Opening and Naming Windows
- •Positioning Windows
- •Closing Windows
- •Moving Windows
- •Resizing and Zooming Windows
- •Active and Inactive Windows
- •Click-Through
- •Scroll Bars and Scrolling Windows
- •Automatic Scrolling
- •Minimizing and Expanding Windows
- •Windows With Changeable Panes
- •Special Windows
- •Drawers
- •When to Use Drawers
- •Drawer Behavior
- •Utility Windows
- •The About Window
- •Dialogs
- •Types of Dialogs and When to Use Them
- •Document-Modal Dialogs (Sheets)
- •Sheet Behavior
- •When to Use Sheets
- •When Not to Use Sheets
- •Alerts
- •Dialog Behavior
- •Accepting Changes
- •The Open Dialog
- •Saving, Closing, and Quitting Behavior
- •Save Dialogs
- •Closing a Document With Unsaved Changes
- •Saving Documents During a Quit Operation
- •Saving a Document With the Same Name as an Existing Document
- •The Choose Dialog
- •The Printing Dialogs
- •Controls
- •Control Behavior and Appearance
- •Push Buttons
- •Push Button Specifications
- •Radio Buttons and Checkboxes
- •Radio Button and Checkbox Specifications
- •Selections Containing More Than One Checkbox State
- •Pop-Up Menus
- •Pop-Up Menu Specifications
- •Command Pop-Down Menus
- •Command Pop-Down Menu Specifications
- •Combination Boxes
- •Combo Box Specifications
- •The Text Entry Field
- •The Scrolling List
- •Placards
- •Bevel Buttons
- •Bevel Button Specifications
- •Toolbars
- •Pop-Up Icon Buttons and Pop-Up Bevel Buttons
- •Slider Controls
- •Slider Control Specifications
- •Tab Controls
- •Tab Control Specifications
- •Progress Indicators
- •Text Fields and Scrolling Lists
- •Tools for Creating Lists
- •Text Input Field Specifications
- •Scrolling List Specifications
- •Image Wells
- •Disclosure Triangles
- •Layout Guidelines
- •Group Boxes
- •Sample Dialog Layouts
- •Using Small Versions of Controls
- •User Input
- •The Mouse and Other Pointing Devices
- •Using the Mouse
- •Clicking
- •Double-Clicking
- •Pressing
- •Dragging
- •The Keyboard
- •The Functions of Specific Keys
- •Character Keys
- •Modifier Keys
- •Arrow Keys
- •Function Keys
- •Key Combinations Reserved by the System
- •Recommended Keyboard Equivalents
- •Creating Your Own Keyboard Equivalents
- •Keyboard Focus and Navigation
- •Full Keyboard Access Mode
- •Type-Ahead and Auto-Repeat
- •Selecting
- •Selection Methods
- •Selection by Clicking
- •Selection by Dragging
- •Changing a Selection With Shift-Click
- •Changing a Selection With Command-Click
- •Selections in Text
- •Selecting With the Mouse
- •What Constitutes a Word
- •Selecting Text With the Arrow Keys
- •Selections in Graphics
- •Selections in Arrays and Tables
- •Editing Text
- •Inserting Text
- •Deleting Text
- •Replacing a Selection
- •Intelligent Cut and Paste
- •Editing Text Fields
- •Entering Passwords
- •Fonts
- •Icons
- •Icon Genres and Families
- •Application Icons
- •User Application Icons
- •Viewer, Player, and Accessory Icons
- •Utility Icons
- •Non-Application Icons
- •Document Icons
- •Icons for Preferences and Plug-ins
- •Icons for Hardware and Removable Media
- •Toolbar Icons
- •Icon Perspectives and Materials
- •Conveying an Emotional Quality in Icons
- •Suggested Process for Creating Aqua Icons
- •Tips for Designing Aqua Icons
- •Drag and Drop
- •Drag and Drop Design Overview
- •Drag and Drop Semantics
- •Move Versus Copy
- •When to Check the Option Key State
- •Selection Feedback
- •Single-Gesture Selection and Dragging
- •Background Selections
- •Drag Feedback
- •Destination Feedback
- •Windows
- •Text
- •Multiple Dragged Items
- •Automatic Scrolling
- •Using the Trash as a Destination
- •Drop Feedback
- •Finder Icons
- •Graphics
- •Text
- •Transferring a Selection
- •Feedback for an Invalid Drop
- •Clippings
- •Language
- •Style
- •Terminology
- •Developer Terms and User Terms
- •Labels for Interface Elements
- •Capitalization of Interface Elements
- •Using Contractions in the Interface
- •Writing Good Alert Messages
- •User Help and Assistants
- •Apple’s Philosophy of Help
- •Help Viewer
- •Providing Access to Help
- •Help Tags
- •Help Tag Guidelines
- •Setup Assistants
- •Files
- •Installing Files
- •Where to Put Files
- •Handling Plug-ins
- •Naming Files and Showing Filename Extensions
- •Displaying Pathnames
- •Speech Recognition and Synthesis
- •Speech Recognition
- •Speakable Items
- •The Speech Recognition Interface
- •Speech-Recognition Errors
- •Guidelines for Implementing Speech Recognition
- •Speech Synthesis
- •Guidelines for Implementing Speech Synthesis
- •Spoken Dialogues and Delegation
- •General Considerations
- •Installation and File Location
- •Graphic Design
- •Menus
- •Pop-Up Menus
- •Windows
- •Utility Windows
- •Scrolling
- •Dialogs
- •Feedback and Alerts
- •The Mouse
- •Keyboard Equivalents
- •Text
- •Icons
- •User Documentation
- •Help Tags
- •Document Revision History
- •Glossary
- •Index
I n s i d e M a c O S X
Aqua
Human Interface Guidelines
June 2002
Apple Computer, Inc.
© 2002 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Apple Computer, Inc., with the following exceptions: Any person is hereby authorized to store documentation on a single computer for personal use only and to print copies of documentation for personal use provided that the documentation contains Apple’s copyright notice.
The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws.
No licenses, express or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this book. Apple retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this book. This book is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple-labeled or Apple-licensed computers
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this document is accurate. Apple is not responsible for typographical errors.
Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 408-996-1010
Apple, the Apple logo, AirPort, AppleScript, AppleTalk, AppleWorks, Aqua, Cocoa, Final Cut Pro, FireWire, iMac, Keychain, Mac, Macintosh, QuickDraw, QuickTime, Sherlock, and WorldScript are
trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.
Balloon Help, Carbon, Finder, iMovie, iPhoto, iTunes, and ResEdit are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
Objective-C is a trademark of NeXT Software, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.
Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.
Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada
Even though Apple has reviewed this manual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL, ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND ACCURACY.
IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT OR INACCURACY IN THIS MANUAL, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.
THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. No Apple dealer, agent, or employee is authorized to make any modification, extension, or addition to this warranty.
Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.
Contents
Figures and Tables |
13 |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to the Aqua Human Interface Guidelines |
21 |
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The Benefits of Applying the Interface Guidelines |
22 |
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Deciding What to Do First |
23 |
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Tools and Resources for Applying the Guidelines |
24 |
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If You Have a Need Not Covered by the Guidelines |
25 |
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Chapter 2 Human Interface Design |
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27 |
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Human Interface Design Principles |
27 |
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Metaphors |
27 |
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See-and-Point |
28 |
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Direct Manipulation |
28 |
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User Control |
29 |
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Feedback and Communication |
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29 |
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Consistency |
30 |
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WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) |
30 |
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Forgiveness |
31 |
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Perceived Stability |
31 |
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Aesthetic Integrity |
31 |
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Modelessness |
32 |
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Knowledge of Your Audience |
33 |
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Worldwide Compatibility |
33 |
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Cultural Values |
34 |
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Language Differences |
34 |
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Text Display and Text Editing |
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35 |
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Default Alignment of Interface Elements |
36 |
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Resources |
36 |
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3
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
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Universal Accessibility |
37 |
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Visual Disabilities |
38 |
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Hearing Disabilities |
38 |
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Physical Disabilities |
39 |
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Chapter 3 |
The Dock |
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41 |
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The Dock’s Onscreen Position |
41 |
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Dock Notification Behavior |
42 |
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Dock Menus |
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43 |
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Clicking in the Dock |
44 |
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Chapter 4 |
Menus |
45 |
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Menu Elements |
45 |
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Menu Titles |
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46 |
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Menu Items |
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46 |
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Grouping Items in Menus |
47 |
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Hierarchical Menus (Submenus) |
48 |
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Menu Behavior |
49 |
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Scrolling Menus |
50 |
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Toggled Menu Items |
50 |
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Sticky Menus |
51 |
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Standard Pull-Down Menus (The Menu Bar) |
52 |
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The Apple Menu |
53 |
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The Application Menu |
54 |
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The Application Menu Title |
54 |
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The Application Menu Contents |
55 |
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The File Menu |
56 |
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The Edit Menu |
59 |
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The View Menu |
61 |
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The Window Menu |
61 |
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The Help Menu |
63 |
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Menu Bar Status Items |
63 |
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Other Menus |
63 |
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Contextual Menus |
64 |
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4
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
Using Special Characters and Text Styles in Menus |
65 |
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Using Symbols in Menus |
65 |
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Using Text Styles and Fonts in Menus |
67 |
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Using Ellipses in Menus and Buttons |
67 |
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Chapter 5 Windows |
69 |
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Window Layering |
70 |
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Window Appearance and Behavior |
70 |
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Textured Windows |
72 |
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Opening and Naming Windows |
74 |
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Positioning Windows |
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76 |
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Closing Windows |
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79 |
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Moving Windows |
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80 |
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Resizing and Zooming Windows |
80 |
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Active and Inactive Windows |
81 |
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Click-Through |
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82 |
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Scroll Bars and Scrolling Windows |
85 |
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Automatic Scrolling |
87 |
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Minimizing and Expanding Windows |
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88 |
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Windows With Changeable Panes |
88 |
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Special Windows |
88 |
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Drawers |
88 |
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When to Use Drawers |
89 |
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Drawer Behavior |
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90 |
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Utility Windows |
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91 |
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The About Window |
92 |
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Chapter 6 Dialogs |
95 |
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Types of Dialogs and When to Use Them |
95 |
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Document-Modal Dialogs (Sheets) |
96 |
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Sheet Behavior |
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97 |
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When to Use Sheets |
98 |
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When Not to Use Sheets |
98 |
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Alerts |
98 |
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5
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
Dialog Behavior |
101 |
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Accepting Changes |
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101 |
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The Open Dialog |
102 |
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Saving, Closing, and Quitting Behavior |
105 |
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Save Dialogs |
105 |
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Closing a Document With Unsaved Changes |
109 |
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Saving Documents During a Quit Operation |
110 |
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Saving a Document With the Same Name as an Existing Document |
113 |
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The Choose Dialog |
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114 |
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The Printing Dialogs |
115 |
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Chapter 7 Controls |
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119 |
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Control Behavior and Appearance |
120 |
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Push Buttons |
120 |
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Push Button Specifications |
121 |
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Radio Buttons and Checkboxes |
122 |
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Radio Button and Checkbox Specifications |
123 |
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Selections Containing More Than One Checkbox State |
124 |
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Pop-Up Menus |
124 |
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Pop-Up Menu Specifications |
126 |
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Command Pop-Down Menus |
127 |
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Command Pop-Down Menu Specifications |
127 |
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Combination Boxes |
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128 |
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Combo Box Specifications |
129 |
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The Text Entry Field |
129 |
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The Scrolling List |
130 |
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Placards |
130 |
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Bevel Buttons |
131 |
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Bevel Button Specifications |
132 |
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Toolbars |
133 |
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Pop-Up Icon Buttons and Pop-Up Bevel Buttons |
134 |
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Slider Controls |
137 |
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Slider Control Specifications |
137 |
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Tab Controls |
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138 |
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Tab Control Specifications |
139 |
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Progress Indicators |
|
141 |
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6
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
Text Fields and Scrolling Lists |
|
144 |
Tools for Creating Lists |
144 |
|
Text Input Field Specifications |
145 |
|
Scrolling List Specifications |
|
146 |
|
Image Wells |
147 |
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Disclosure Triangles |
|
148 |
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Chapter 8 |
Layout Guidelines |
149 |
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Positioning Controls in Dialogs and Windows |
149 |
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Group Boxes |
151 |
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Sample Dialog Layouts |
|
154 |
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|
Using Small Versions of Controls |
160 |
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|||
Chapter 9 |
User Input |
163 |
|
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||||
|
The Mouse and Other Pointing Devices |
163 |
|
||||
|
Using the Mouse |
|
164 |
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|
Clicking |
164 |
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|
Double-Clicking |
|
164 |
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Pressing |
165 |
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|
Dragging |
165 |
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|
The Keyboard |
166 |
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|
The Functions of Specific Keys |
166 |
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|||
|
Character Keys |
|
166 |
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|
Modifier Keys |
169 |
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||
|
Arrow Keys |
170 |
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|
Function Keys |
174 |
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|
Reserved and Recommended Keyboard Equivalents |
176 |
||||
Key Combinations Reserved by the System |
176 |
|
|||
Recommended Keyboard Equivalents |
179 |
|
|||
Creating Your Own Keyboard Equivalents |
|
180 |
|
||
Keyboard Focus and Navigation |
182 |
|
|
|
|
Full Keyboard Access Mode |
184 |
|
|
|
|
Type-Ahead and Auto-Repeat |
185 |
|
|
|
7
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
|
Selecting |
185 |
|
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|
Selection Methods |
186 |
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|||
|
Selection by Clicking |
186 |
|
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|
|||
|
Selection by Dragging |
187 |
|
|
||||
|
Changing a Selection With Shift-Click |
187 |
|
|||||
|
Changing a Selection With Command-Click |
188 |
||||||
|
Selections in Text |
189 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Selecting With the Mouse |
190 |
|
|
||||
|
What Constitutes a Word |
190 |
|
|
||||
|
Selecting Text With the Arrow Keys |
192 |
|
|||||
|
Selections in Graphics |
192 |
|
|
|
|||
|
Selections in Arrays and Tables |
192 |
|
|
||||
|
Editing Text |
|
193 |
|
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|
|
|
|
Inserting Text |
193 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deleting Text |
193 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Replacing a Selection |
|
194 |
|
|
|
||
|
Intelligent Cut and Paste |
194 |
|
|
||||
|
Editing Text Fields |
195 |
|
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|
|||
|
Entering Passwords |
196 |
|
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|||
Chapter 10 |
Fonts |
197 |
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Chapter 11 |
Icons |
201 |
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Icon Genres and Families |
202 |
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|
Application Icons |
204 |
|
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||
|
User Application Icons |
204 |
|
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||||
|
Viewer, Player, and Accessory Icons |
206 |
|
|||||
|
Utility Icons |
207 |
|
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|
||
|
Non-Application Icons |
207 |
|
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|
|||
|
Document Icons |
207 |
|
|
|
|||
|
Icons for Preferences and Plug-ins |
209 |
|
|||||
|
Icons for Hardware and Removable Media |
209 |
||||||
|
Toolbar Icons |
211 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Icon Perspectives and Materials |
213 |
|
|
8
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
Conveying an Emotional Quality in Icons |
216 |
||
Suggested Process for Creating Aqua Icons |
216 |
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Tips for Designing Aqua Icons |
218 |
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Chapter 12 Drag and Drop |
219 |
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Drag and Drop Design Overview |
|
219 |
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Drag and Drop Semantics |
220 |
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Move Versus Copy |
220 |
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When to Check the Option Key State |
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221 |
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Selection Feedback |
222 |
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Single-Gesture Selection and Dragging |
222 |
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Background Selections |
222 |
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Drag Feedback |
223 |
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Destination Feedback |
223 |
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Windows |
|
223 |
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Text |
224 |
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Multiple Dragged Items |
224 |
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Automatic Scrolling |
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225 |
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Using the Trash as a Destination |
225 |
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Drop Feedback |
225 |
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Finder Icons |
226 |
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Graphics |
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226 |
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Text |
226 |
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Transferring a Selection |
226 |
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Feedback for an Invalid Drop |
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227 |
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Clippings |
227 |
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Chapter 13 Language |
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229 |
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Style |
229 |
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Terminology |
|
230 |
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Developer Terms and User Terms |
230 |
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Labels for Interface Elements |
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230 |
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Capitalization of Interface Elements |
|
231 |
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Using Contractions in the Interface |
|
232 |
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Writing Good Alert Messages |
232 |
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9
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
Chapter 14 User Help and Assistants |
235 |
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Apple’s Philosophy of Help |
235 |
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Help Viewer |
237 |
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Providing Access to Help |
237 |
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Help Tags |
238 |
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Help Tag Guidelines |
239 |
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Setup Assistants |
|
241 |
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Chapter 15 Files |
245 |
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Installing Files |
|
245 |
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Where to Put Files |
247 |
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|||
Handling Plug-ins |
249 |
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|||
Naming Files and Showing Filename Extensions |
|
249 |
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Displaying Pathnames |
251 |
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||||
Chapter 16 Speech Recognition and Synthesis |
253 |
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|||
Speech Recognition |
254 |
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|||
Speakable Items |
255 |
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|
|||
The Speech Recognition Interface |
255 |
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|
|||||
Speech-Recognition Errors |
257 |
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|
||||
Guidelines for Implementing Speech Recognition |
257 |
|||||||
Speech Synthesis |
|
258 |
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|
||
Guidelines for Implementing Speech Synthesis |
|
258 |
||||||
Spoken Dialogues and Delegation |
260 |
|
|
|||||
Appendix A Checklist for Creating Aqua Applications |
261 |
|||||||
|
|
|
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|
||||
General Considerations |
261 |
|
|
|
||||
Installation and File Location |
263 |
|
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|
||||
Graphic Design |
|
263 |
|
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|
Menus |
263 |
|
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|
|
Pop-Up Menus |
|
264 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Windows |
265 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
Utility Windows |
266 |
|
|
|
||
Scrolling |
|
266 |
|
|
|
|
Dialogs |
|
267 |
|
|
|
|
Feedback and Alerts |
|
268 |
|
|
||
The Mouse |
269 |
|
|
|
|
|
Keyboard Equivalents |
269 |
|
|
|||
Text |
270 |
|
|
|
|
|
Icons |
270 |
|
|
|
|
|
User Documentation |
|
271 |
|
|
||
Help Tags |
271 |
|
|
|
|
|
Appendix B Mac OS X Terminology Guidelines |
273 |
|||||
|
|
|
||||
Appendix C Document Revision History |
285 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Glossary |
289 |
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
|
297 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002
C O N T E N T S
12
Apple Computer, Inc. June 2002