- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
Objective. To inform the students of the major types of dictionaries; to raise the students’ awareness of the urgent problems of lexicography; to develop cognitive skills of analyzing & summarizing the information, distinguishing between major & minor aspects, categorizing & estimating relevant facts.
Plan
1. Types of dictionaries
2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
14.1. Types of dictionaries
Lexicography (LG) – a branch of applied linguistics, the theory & practice of compiling dictionaries. LG has a common object of study with lexicology, describing the vocabulary of a language. The essential difference: the degree of systematisation & completeness. Lexicology → systematisation revealing characteristic features of Ws. It cannot claim any completeness as regards the units themselves, their number is very great. LG → the semantic, formal & functional description of all individual Ws. Dictionaries (Ds) → more / less complete description, but cannot attain systematic treatment, every D entry presents an independent problem.
D is a book listing Ws of a language with their meanings & often with data regarding pronunciation, usage & /or origin. Pronouncing Ds (D. Jones), etymological Ds (W. Skeat, E. Partridge, OED).
D in which the Ws & their definitions belong to the same language – unilingual / explanatory. Bilingual / translation Ds explain Ws by their equivalents in another language. Multilingual / polyglot Ds are few, serve the purpose of comparing Syns & terminology in various languages.
Unilingual Ds: diachronic & synchronic / descriptive. Diachronic Ds (OED): the development of the E vocabulary by recording the history of form & meaning for every W registered. Synchronic Ds of current E: present-day meaning & usage of Ws.
Both bilingual & unilingual dictionaries: general & special. General Ds: the vocabulary as a whole (13 vol. of OED; any pocket D; frequency Ds; a rhyming D).
Special Ds cover a specific part of the vocabulary according to: 1) the sphere of human activity; 2) the type of the units; 3) the relationships between them.
1) specialised Ds of limited scope (terms for various branches of knowledge, art & trade: linguistic, medical, technical, economical). Unilingual books giving definitions of terms – glossaries, often prepared by specially appointed boards / commissions for improving technical terminology.
2) phraseology, abbreviations, neologisms, LWs, surnames, toponyms, proverbs & sayings.
3) Syn Ds; Ds recording an author’s complete vocabulary (concordances); dialect Ds; Ds of AWs.
Linguistic & non-linguistic Ds. The latter: information on all branches of knowledge, encyclopaedias, deal with facts & concepts: The Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Encyclopaedia Americana. There are biographical Ds & many minor encyclopaedias.
The entries of most Ds are in alphabetical order; derivatives & compounds under the same head-W. In the ideographic Ds (Thesaurus) according to a logical classification of notions, an alphabetical index attached. Sometimes the grouping is in parallel columns with the opposite notions. It is meant for readers with a good command of E. The Lat thesaurus means ‘treasury’. P. Roget gave the W a new figurative meaning, ‘a store of knowledge’. A consistent classification of notions presents great difficulties. No 1-to-1 correlation between notions & Ws. The system of meanings stands in a very complex relationship to the system of notions ← polysemantic character of most Ws.
Types of Ds
Unilingual Ds |
Bilingual / multilingual Ds |
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General |
Explanatory Ds irrespective of their bulk |
E-Rus, Rus-E, multilingual Ds |
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Etymological, frequency, phonetical, rhyming & thesaurus type Ds |
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Focus on 1 of the distinctive features of the W
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Special |
Glossaries of scientific & other special terms; concordances, Ds of abbreviations, Ants, LWs, new words, proverbs, Syns, surnames, toponyms |
Ds of scientific & other special terms; Ds of abbreviations, phraseology, proverbs, Syns |
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Ds of AmE, dialect & slang |
Ds of OE and MidE with explanations in ModE |
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