- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
9.7. Euphemisms
Another source of synonymy is euphemism: merry :: drunk; naked :: in one’s birthday suit; pregnant :: in the family way; drunkenness :: intoxication; sweat :: perspiration. A definite set of notions:
a) death, madness, stupidity, drunkenness, physiological processes, crimes: die :: be no more :: be gone :: lose one’s life :: breathe one’s last :: join the silent majority :: go the way of all flesh :: pass away :: be gathered to one’s fathers.
b) interjections & swearing addressed to God: For goodness sake! Goodness gracious! Goodness knows! By Jove! Good Lord! By Gum!
c) names for the devil (deuce, Old Nick).
Euphemisms = source of new Syn formations ← after a short period of use the new term becomes closely connected with the notion, turns into a W as unpleasant as the earlier Syn.
9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
Lexical variants = examples of free variation in language, not conditioned by contextual environment, optional with the individual speaker: northward / norward; whoever / whosoever. The variation can concern morphological / phonological features / spelling: weazen / weazened ‘shrivelled & dried in appearance’; directly [di'rektli] / [dai'rektli]; whisky / whiskey. Lexical variants ≠ Syns ← similarity in phonetical / spelling form & identity of meaning & distribution.
The cases of identity of stems, similarity of form & meaning combined with a difference in distribution = Syns. Ws belonging to the same part of speech, containing identical stems & synonymical affixes, but not permitting free variation. They provoke mistakes even with native speakers. Luxurious & luxuriant are synonymous when meaning ‘characterised by luxury’. Luxuriant is restricted to the expression of abundance (about hair, leaves, flowers). Luxurious is the Adj expressing human luxury & indulgence (about tastes, habits, food, mansions). Economic & economical are interchangeable under certain conditions, more often economic is a technical term associated with economics (an economic agreement). Economical is an everyday W associated with economy: economical stove, economical method, be economical of one’s money.
Syns of this type ≠ paronyms, Ws kindred in origin, sound form & meaning, liable to be mixed but different in meaning & usage & only mistakenly interchanged. The term comes from the Gr. para ‘beside’ & onoma ‘name’. Various definitions: a) Ws of the same root; b) Ws having the same sound form, equalising them with W-families / Homs.
Ingenious (‘clever’ of man & of his inventions & doings: an ingenious craftsman, an ingenious device) & ingenuous (‘frank’, ‘artless’, as an ingenuous smile). The likeness may be accidental: affect ‘to influence’ & effect ‘to produce’ coming from different Lat. Vs. Due to a common source: alternate ‘succeeding each other’ & alternative ‘providing a choice’; consequent ‘resulting’ & consequential ‘important’; continuance ‘an uninterrupted succession’ & continuation ‘beginning again’ & ‘sequel’ as the continuation of a novel.