- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
Lexicology is closely connected with phonetics, grammar, & stylistics.
Each W is a part of entire system of the language vocabulary. On the syntagmatic level the semantic structure of a W is analyzed in its linear relationships with neighbouring Ws. On the paradigmatic level lexicology investigates relationship with other Ws in the vocabulary system: synonyms, polysemantic Ws, antonyms.
Questions
1. What does lexicology study?
2. What are two main divisions of lexicology?
3. What branches of lexicology do you know?
4. What does lexicology study on the syntagmatic & paradigmatic levels?
Literature
Антрушина Г. Б., Афанасьева О. В., Морозова М. М. Лексикология английского языка. – М Антрушина Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка = English Lexicology [учеб. пособ.] / Г. Б. Антрушина, О. В. Афанасьева, М. М. Морозова. – 8-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Дрофа, 2008. – 288 с. – (Высшее образование).
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка : [учеб. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз.] (на англ. яз.) / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М. : Высш. шк., 1986. – 295 с.
Дубенец Э. Современный английский язык. Лексикология = Modern English: Lexicology : [лекции и семинары] / Эльвина Михайловна Дубенец. – М. : Феникс, 2010. – 192 с.
Елисеева В. В. Лексикология английского языка : учеб. / Варвара Владимировна Елисеева. – СПб. : СПбГУ, 2003. – 58 с.
Зыкова И. В. Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учеб. пособ. для студ. лингв. вузов и ф-тов ин. языков / Ирина Владимировна Зыкова. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Академія, 2008. – 288 с. – (Высшее профессиональное образование).
Каменська І. Б. Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни «Лексикологія» для студентів філологічних спеціальностей заочної форми навчання / І. Б. Каменська, К. В. Краэва. – Ялта : РВВ КГУ, 2011. – 95 с.
Crystal D. The English language: A Guided Tour of the Language / David Crystal. – 2nd ed. – Penguin Books, 2004. – 336 p.
Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
Objective. To inform the students of the types of lexical units; to raise the students’ awareness of the word as the basic unit of a language system; to develop cognitive skills of analyzing & summarizing the information, distinguishing between major & minor aspects, categorizing & estimating relevant facts.
Glossary: lexical unit, morpheme, lexical system, theory of reflection, onomasiological approach, semantic triangle, valency, theory of oppositions, lexical opposition
Plan
1. Types of lexical units 4. The definition of the word
2. The notion of lexical system 5. Semantic triangle
3. Theory of oppositions 6. Phonetic, morphological & semantic motivation of words
2.1. Types of lexical units
Unit – 1 of the elements into which a whole is divided / analysed & which possesses the basic properties of this whole. The units of a vocabulary / lexical units are two-facet elements possessing form & meaning. The basic unit forming the bulk of the vocabulary is the W. Other units are morphemes, into which Ws may be analysed, & set expressions / groups of Ws into which Ws may be combined.
Ws are the central elements of language system, the biggest units of morphology & the smallest of syntax. They embody the main structural properties & functions of the language. Ws can be separated in an utterance by other such units & can be used in isolation.
Morphemes cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units & are functioning in speech only as constituent parts of Ws. Ws represent integer concept, feeling / action as having a single referent. The meaning of morphemes is more abstract & more general; they are less autonomous.
Set expressions – W-groups consisting of 2 / more Ws whose combination is integrated so that they are introduced in speech ready-made as units with a specialised meaning of the whole that is not understood as a mere sum total of the meanings of the elements.
In the spelling system of the language Ws are the smallest units of written discourse: they are marked off by solid spelling. Every speaker of any language is always able to break any utterance into Ws. The segmentation of a W into morphemes may present difficulties even for trained linguists.
The boundaries separating these 3 sets of units are fluid. Every living vocabulary is constantly changing adapting itself to the functions of communication in the changing world. The vocabulary changes: a) quantitatively by creating new Ws from the already available corpus of morphemes according to existing patterns; b) qualitatively – new morphemic material & W-building patterns come into being; new names sometimes adapt features characteristic of other sets.
Orthographic Ws are written as a sequence of letters bounded by spaces on a page. There are lexical units that are not identical with orthographic Ws but equivalent to them. Almost any part of speech contains units indivisible either syntactically / in terms of meaning / both, but graphically divided.