- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
11.5. Slang
Slang Ws: expressive, mostly ironical Ws serving to create fresh names for some frequent topics. They sound vulgar, cynical & harsh, show the object of speech in the light of a contemptuous ridicule. Sl Ws for money: beans, brass, dibs, dough, chink, oof, wads; for head: attic, brain-pan, hat peg, nut, upper storey; for drunk: boozy, cock-eyed, high, soaked, tight. There are many Sl Ws for food, alcohol drinks, stealing, jail, death, madness, drug use.
Different opinions on Sl’s nature, boundaries & the attitude towards it. Many authors: after a Sl W has been used in speech for a certain period of time, people get accustomed to it & it ceases to produce a shocking effect. The most vital among Sl Ws are then accepted into literary vocabulary: bet, bore, chap, donkey, fun, humbug, mob, odd, pinch, shabby, sham, snob, trip, from the Am Sl: graft, hitch-hiker, sawbones. The most prominent place: Ws / expressions having no Syns & serving as expressive names for some specific notions: teenager.
The bulk of Sl is formed by short-living Ws. E. Partridge: a series of vogue Ws for a man of fashion: blood (1550-1660), macaroni (1760), buck (1720-1840), swell (1811), dandy (1820-1870), toff (1851).
It is convenient to group Sl Ws according to their place in the semantic system of the vocabulary. If they denote a new & necessary notion, they may prove an enrichment of the vocabulary & be accepted into standard English. If they make another addition to a cluster of Syns, & have nothing but novelty, they die out very quickly.
According to the sphere of usage: general & special Sl. General: Ws not specific for any social / professional group. Special is peculiar for some such group: teenager Sl, university Sl, public school Sl, Air Force Sl, football Sl, sea Sl. A. Schweitzer: argot belongs here. It is more logical to differentiate Sl & argot. The difference: Sl has an expressive function, argot is concerned with secrecy. Sl Ws are clearly motivated: cradle-snatcher ‘an old man who marries / courts a much younger woman’; belly-robber ‘the head of a military canteen’; window-shopping. Argot Ws do not show their motivation: rap ‘kill’, shin ‘knife’, book ‘a life sentence’.
A great deal of Sl comes from the USA: corny, cute, fuss-pot, teenager, swell. Am Sl also contains elements from BrE: cheerio ‘goodbye’, right-o ‘yes’, Gerry for ‘a German soldier’.
The lexical meaning of a Sl W contains the denotative & emotive components (most often it expresses irony) & all the other types of connotation: it is expressive, evaluative & stylistically coloured.
Questions
Give definition of a functional style.
What is characteristic of the neutral style?
Which situations does the colloquial style serve?
Why does I.V. Arnold reject the existence of the belles-letres style?
What functions does the belles-letres style perform?
What is characteristic of the publicistic style?
Give definition of a lexico-grammatical group.
Give definition of a term.
What is the difference between a thematic & an ideographic group of words?
What way of term-formation do you know?
What is the difference between emotive & evaluative words?
Literature
Антрушина Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка = English Lexicology [учеб. пособ.] / Г. Б. Антрушина, О. В. Афанасьева, М. М. Морозова. – 8-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Дрофа, 2008. – 288 с. – (Высшее образование).
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка : [учеб. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз.] (на англ. яз.) / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М. : Высш. шк., 1986. – 295 с.
Арнольд И. В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык : [учеб. для студентов пед. институтов спец. «Иностр. язык»] / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд ; под ред. П. Е. Бухаркина. – М. : Флинта : Наука, 2010. – 384 с.
Вилюман В. Г. Английская синонимика: Введение в теорию синонимии и методику изучения синонимов : учеб. пособ / Витольд Густавович Вилюман. – М. : Высш. шк., 1980. – 128 с.
Дубенец Э. Современный английский язык. Лексикология = Modern English: Lexicology : [лекции, семин.] / Эльвина Михайловна Дубенец. – М. : Феникс ; Глосса-Пресс, 2010. – 192 с.
Елисеева В. В. Лексикология английского языка : учеб. / Варвара Владимировна Елисеева. – СПб. : СПбГУ, 2003. – 58 с.
Зыкова И. В. Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учеб. пособ. для студ. лингв. вузов и ф-тов ин. языков / Ирина Владимировна Зыкова. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Академія, 2008. – 288 с.
Каменська І. Б. Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни «Лексикологія» для студентів філологічних спеціальностей заочної форми навчання / І. Б. Каменська, К. В. Краэва. – Ялта : РВВ КГУ, 2011. – 95 с.
Hurford J. R. Semantics : [a coursebook] / J. R. Hurford, B. Heasley, M. B. Smith. – 2nd ed. – CUP, 2007. – 364 p.