- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
Emotive speech is any speech / utterance conveying / expressing emotion. The emotive quality of discourse is due to syntactical, intonational & lexical peculiarities. Lexical peculiarities means the presence of emotionally coloured Ws. The emotional colouring of the W may be permanent / occasional.
W acquires its emotional colouring (affective connotations), its power to evoke / express feelings as a result of its history in emotional contexts reflecting emotional situations. In be beastly mean about something, a glorious idea, a lovely drink, a rotten business, the emotional quality is based on associations brought about by the notions beast, glory, love, rot & the objects they stand for.
The best studied type of emotional Ws are interjections, primary & derived. They express emotions without naming them: Ah! Alas! Bother! Boy! Fiddlesticks! Hear, hear! Heavens! Hell! Humbug! Nonsense! Pooh!
W may have morphological features signalling its emotional force (morphemes / patterns). Diminutive affixes: daddy, kiddykins, dearie, babykins, blackie, oldie. The scarcity of emotional suffixes → appearance of combinations: little chap, old chap, old fellow, poor devil where the emotional effect results from the interaction of elements. Derogatory suffixes: bastard, drunkard, dullard, trustard, princeling, weakling, gangster, mobster, youngster; a semi-affix -monger: panicmonger, scandalmonger, scaremonger, warmonger.
To express emotion the utterance must be not quite ordinary. Syntactically this is reflected in inversion. Its counterpart in vocabulary is coinage of nonce-Ws, often a kind of echo-conversion: Well? – Don’t well me, you feeble old ninny (простофиля). Emotional nonce-Ws are created in angry / jocular back-chat by transforming whole phrases into Vs to express irritation / mockery: Now well! – Don’t now-well-me! How on earth!? – Don’t begin how-on-earthing! Oh, bloody hell! – You don’t bloody-hell here.
Emotional Ws only indicate the presence of emotion but very seldom specify its exact character.
The emotionally coloured Ws are contrasted to the emotionally neutral ones, which express notions but do not say anything about the state of the speaker / his mood. There are numerous boundary cases. Many Ws are neutral in their direct meaning & emotional in special contexts.
It is difficult to draw a line between emotional & emphatic / intensifying Ws → a specific group of the emotional Ws. Intensifiers convey special intensity to what is said, indicate the special importance of the thing expressed: ever, even, all, so. Ever has become a kind of semi-affix: whatever, whenever. Whyever didn’t you go?
An incessantly developing group of intensifying Advs: awfully, capitally, dreadfully, fiercely, frightfully, marvellously, terribly, tremendously, wonderfully. Their denotative meaning may be almost completely suppressed by their emphatic function: awfully glad, frightfully beautiful, terribly important. How are you, Helene? You’re looking frightfully well.
Limitations imposed upon the valency of intensifiers: stark naked, stark mad, but not stark deaf → stone deaf. The fixed character of flat denial, sheer nonsense, paramount importance, dead tired, bored stiff.
A 3rd group opposed to the neutral vocabulary – evaluative Ws. They differ from other emotional Ws: specify emotion. In evaluative Ws the denotative meaning & the evaluative component co-exist & support each other: Oh, you’re not a spy. Germans are spies. British are agents.
Scheming is a derogatory W, ‘planning secretly, by intrigue / for private ends’. “You’re such a schemer yourself, you’re a bit too ready to attribute schemes to other people” “Well, somebody’s got to do some scheming,” said Mildred. “/ let’s call it planning, shall we?”
When the emotional variant of the W / a separate emotional W is contrasted to its neutral variant the emotional W is always morphologically / semantically derived, not primary. The names of animals, when used metaphorically, have a strong evaluative force: “Silly ass,” said Dick.
In actual discourse emotional, emphatic & evaluative properties may coincide. We often come across Ws both emotionally & stylistically coloured.
The emotive effect is also attained by an interaction of syntactic & lexical means. The pattern a+(A)1+N1+of+a+N2 is often used to express emotion & emphasis. The precise character of the emotion is revealed by the meaning & connotations possible for N1 & N2, the denotata may be repulsive / pleasant, / give some image: a devil of a time, a deuce of a price, a hell of a success, a peach of a car, an absolute jewel of a report, a mere button of a nose. Button acquires expressiveness & becomes ironical, being used metaphorically, in its direct meaning it is emotionally neutral. It acquires its emotional colour only when transferred to a different sphere of notions. The Adjs absolute & mere serve as intensifiers.
Questions
Give definition of a neologism.
What ways of forming neologisms do you know?
Which class of words are neologisms opposed to?
What is the difference between archaisms & historisms?
What groups are words subdivided into morphologically?
What is the basic difference between notional & functional words?
Give definition of a LG group.
Give definition of a term.
What is the difference between a thematic & an ideographic group of words?
What way of term-formation do you know?
What is the difference between emotive & evaluative words?
Literature
Антрушина Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка = English Lexicology [учеб. пособ.] / Г. Б. Антрушина, О. В. Афанасьева, М. М. Морозова. – 8-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Дрофа, 2008. – 288 с. – (Высшее образование).
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка : [учеб. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз.] (на англ. яз.) / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М. : Высш. шк., 1986. – 295 с.
Дубенец Э. Современный английский язык. Лексикология = Modern English: Lexicology : [лекции и семинары] / Эльвина Михайловна Дубенец. – М. : Феникс, 2010. – 192 с.
Елисеева В. В. Лексикология английского языка : учеб. / Варвара Владимировна Елисеева. – СПб. : СПбГУ, 2003. – 58 с.
Зыкова И. В. Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учеб. пособ. для студ. лингв. вузов и ф-тов ин. языков / Ирина Владимировна Зыкова. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Академія, 2008. – 288 с.
Каменська І. Б. Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни «Лексикологія» для студентів філологічних спеціальностей заочної форми навчання / І. Б. Каменська, К. В. Краэва. – Ялта : РВВ КГУ, 2011. – 95 с.
Hurford J. R. Semantics : [a coursebook] / J. R. Hurford, B. Heasley, M. B. Smith. – 2nd ed. – CUP, 2007. – 364 p.