- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
12.5. International words
The process of borrowing = the appearance of new notions which loan Ws serve to express. → LW is seldom limited to 1 language. Ws of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous / successive borrowings from 1 source are international words (IW).
Expanding global contacts → growth of international vocabulary. IWs play a prominent part in various terminological systems (vocabulary of science, industry & art). The etymological sources of this vocabulary reflect the history of world culture: the mankind’s cultural debt to Italy → the great number of Italian Ws connected with architecture, painting, music, borrowed into most European languages: allegro, andante, aria, arioso, barcarole, baritone (& other names for voices), concert, duet, opera (& other names for pieces of music), piano.
20th century: 1) progress of science: algorithm, antenna, antibiotic, automation, bionics, cybernetics, entropy, gene, genetic code, graph, microelectronics, microminiaturisation, quant, quasars, pulsars, ribosome. Sufficient likeness in E, Fr, Rus & other languages; 2) influx of exotic LWs: anaconda, bungalow, kraal, orang-outang, sari.
IWs ≠ Ws of the common Indo-European stock that also comprise a common fund of the European languages.
IWs are of great importance for the EFL teacher: he must know the efficient ways of showing similarity & difference between ‘translator’s false friends’: control :: контроль; general :: генерал; industry :: индустрия or magazine :: магазин. The T should draw Ps’ attention to the spread of the E vocabulary into other languages: in sport: football, out, match, tennis, time; in the vocabulary of clothes: jersey, pullover, sweater, nylon, tweed; in the vocabulary of cinema & other forms of entertainment: film, club, cocktail, jazz.
Rus Ws borrowed into E & many other languages & thus IWs: balalaika, bolshevik, cosmonaut, czar, intelligentsia, Kremlin, mammoth, rouble, sambo, soviet, sputnik, steppe, vodka.
Questions
How can you account for the fact that the English vocabulary contains an immense number of words of foreign origin?
What is the earliest group of English borrowings? Date it.
What Celtic borrowings are there in English? Date them.
Which words were introduced into the English vocabulary during the period of Christianization?
What are the characteristic features of Scandinavian borrowings?
When and under what circumstances did England become a bilingual country? What are the characteristic features of words borrowed into English during the Renaissance?
What suffixes and prefixes can help you to recognise words of Latin and French origin?
What is meant by the native element of English vocabulary?
What stages of assimilation do borrowings go through?
In what spheres of communication do international words frequently occur?
What do we understand by etymological doublets?
Literature
Антрушина Г. Б., Афанасьева О. В., Морозова М. М. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Дрофа, 1999. – 288 с.
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка: учеб. для институтов и факультетов ин. яз. [на англ. яз.]. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – 295 с.
Дубенец Э. Modern English Lexicology. Лексикология английского языка: лекции и семинары. – М.: Глосса, 2004. – 143 с.
Елисеева В. В. Лексикология английского языка : учеб. – СПб., 2003. – 58 с.
Зыкова И. В. A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учеб. пособ. для студентов лингв. вузов и ф-тов ин. языков. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Академія, 2007. – 288 с.
Hurford J. R., Heasley B., Smith M. B. Semantics. – CUP, 2007. – 364 p.
Singleton D. Language and the Lexicon: An Introduction. – Hodder Arnold, 2000. – 256 p.