- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
13.3. Canadian English
CaE is a variety of E used in Canada. 85% Canadians have some knowledge of E. Can spelling has elements of SE & AmE. Can vocabulary, similar to Am one, features many Br terms, several distinctive Canadianisms (CWs), & notable local variations.
CaE is the product of 4 waves of immigration over 2 centuries. The 1st large wave of permanent E-speaking settlement, linguistically the most important, was the influx of Br Loyalists fleeing the Am Revolution from the Middle Atlantic states. The 2nd wave from GB & Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada. Waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910 & 1960 had a lesser influence. They made Canada multicultural. The languages of Can Aboriginal peoples influenced European languages in Canada even before widespread settlement. Fr of Lower Canada provided vocabulary to E of Upper Canada.
There are ≈ 2000 Ws / expressions native to Canada / having a meaning peculiar to Canada = CWs. CWs also include Ws borrowed from other languages which do not appear in other varieties of E.
A lot of CWs describe features, objects, institutions unknown to the Europeans experience: chutes / saults (желоба), of the rivers; muskeg (торфяное болото) of the hinterland; buttes (buttes) & parklands of the prairies; bluffs / islands of trees, on the flat prairie. New trees and plants: cat spruce, Douglas fir, Manitoba maple, Sitka spruce, tamarack (лиственница американская), Labrador tea, Pembina berry, saskatoon (ирга ольхолистная). Birds: Canada goose, fool hen, siwash duck, turkey vulture (гриф-индейка), whiskey jack (Gray Jay, канадская сойка). Animals & reptiles: cabri, caribou (deer), Massassauga rattler, pecan (a brown squirrel), siffleur (свиязь, утка), wapiti (deer). Fish: cisco (сиг), inconnu (‘unknown’ in Fr), maskinonge (щука-маскинонг), kokanee (нерка, красная), ouananiche (a small, landlocked salmon of SE Canada), oolichan (candlefish), tuladi (озерная форель), wendigo (the hybrid offspring of a lake & a brook trout).
Newer CWs: remittance man (a man living abroad on money sent from home, esp. in the days of the Br Empire), remittance grabber, remittance farmer; suitcase farmer (a farmer living > than 30 miles from his holding); mountie (a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police); hydro; bush pilot (pilot flying small aircraft over rugged terrain / unsettled regions to serve areas inaccessible to larger planes); chuck wagon (wagon carrying cooking facilities & food for people working outdoors); blue line (either of 2 blue lines running across an ice-hockey rink); faceoff (a method of starting play in ice hockey, lacrosse, & other games in which an official drops the puck / ball between 2 opposing players), deke (to deceive (an opponent) in ice hockey by a fake); cat train (train of sleds & other vehicles mounted on runners, the whole procession drawn by a tractor with caterpillar treads); loonie, toonie (Can 1 & 2 dollar coins); timbits (brand name of bite-sized doughnut balls sold at the Canadian Tim Horton’s restaurant chain & jocularly regarded as an icon of Can culture).
CWs reflect the Can (not Am) way of life, past, present, & future. CaE ≠ a mixture of AmE & SE with an insignificant number of CWs. LWs evolve differently to suit Can needs. Chesterfield, originally ‘a couch’ in 1900 SE, means cigarettes in the USA, is obsolete in its primary meaning in the UK. Canadians commonly use it to refer to a sofa / couch.
Ws differentiating Can & Am everyday speech:
“Middle border” Canadian |
Midwest American |
asphalt road |
blacktop |
blinds |
shades |
elastic band |
rubber band |
feather |
(corn) silk |
sheaf |
bundle |
tap |
faucet |
tea party |
coffee party |
veranda |
porch |
In CaE there are several dozen instances in which the Br & Am different terms for the same thing are used side by side, but they are not always synonymous. Canadians drive a car & an automobile; live in a flat / an apartment; do odd jobs & chores; receive a parcel / package from a postman / letter-carrier, sit on a chesterfield / a sofa / couch; play with a pack & a deck of cards; take a holiday / a vacation.