- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
Objective. To inform the students of the semantic structure of he English words, current approaches to the definition of the word; to raise the students’ awareness of the lexical meaning; to develop cognitive skills of analyzing & summarizing the information, distinguishing between major & minor aspects, categorizing & estimating relevant fact.
Glossary: semasiology, lexical meaning, conceptual content of a word, identifying function, significative function, lexiсo-grammatical meaning, denotative and connotative meaning, contextual meanings, nonce usage, primary / direct nomination, indirect / secondary nomination, figurative, extended, special meanings, contextual analysis, lexical contexts, syntactical context, componential analysis, semantic change, specialization, generalisation, linguistic metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
Plan
1. Lexical meaning: definition 6. Componential analysis
2. Lexical meaning versus notion 7. Types of semantic change
3. Denotative & connotative meaning 8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words 9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
5. Contextual analysis
3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
The branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of Ws & W-equivalents is semasiology. Diachronically, semasiology studies the change in meaning which Ws undergo. Descriptive synchronic approach – a study of semantic structures typical of the language, & of its general semantic system. The objects of semasiology: semantic development of Ws, its causes & classification, relevant distinctive features & types of lexical meaning, polysemy, semantic structure of Ws, semantic grouping & connections in the vocabulary system (synonyms, antonyms, terminological systems).
The basic principle of the definition of meaning: it is the realisation of concept / emotion by means of a definite language system.
Semantic complexity: 1) W combines lexical & grammatical meanings. 2) Many Ws have connotative meaning. 3) The denotative meaning is segmented into semantic components (semes). 4) W may be polysemantic.
The lexiсo-grammatical meaning is the common denominator of all the meanings of Ws belonging to a LG class of Ws, the feature according to which they are grouped together. Ws belonging to 1 LG class are characterised by a common system of forms in which the grammatical categories are expressed.
The conceptual content of a W is expressed in its denotative meaning: a) signifiсative, if the referent is a concept, b) demonstrative, if it is an individual object.
The connotative component is optional. Connotation is what the W conveys about the speaker’s attitude to the social circumstances & the appropriate functional style, the speaker’s emotions / the degree of intensity. The emotional & evaluative meaning may be part of the denotative meaning.
Componential analysis (HUMAN, ADULT, MALE are semes):
man: + HUMAN + ADULT + MALE
woman: + HUMAN + ADULT – MALE
boy: + HUMAN – ADULT + MALE
girl: + HUMAN – ADULT – MALE
Polysemy: every object / notion has many features; a concept reflected in a W contains a generalisation of several traits of the object. Some of these traits are common with other objects – the possibility of using the same name in secondary nomination. W when acquiring new meaning most often retains the previous meaning.