- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
1. Latin Affixes
Nouns |
The suffix -ion |
communion, legion, opinion, session, union |
The suffix -tion |
relation, revolution, starvation, temptation, unification |
|
Verbs
|
The suffix -ate [eit] |
appreciate, create, congratulate |
The suffix -ute [ju:t] |
attribute, contribute, constitute, distribute |
|
The remnant suffix -ct |
act, conduct, collect, connect |
|
The remnant suffix -d(e) |
applaud, divide, exclude, include |
|
The prefix dis- |
disable, distract, disown, disagree |
|
Adjectives |
The suffix -able |
detestable, curable |
The suffix -ate [it] |
accurate, desperate, graduate |
|
The suffix -ant |
arrogant, constant, important |
|
The suffix -ent |
absent, convenient, decent, evident |
|
The suffix -or |
major, minor, junior, senior |
|
The suffix -al |
cordial, final, fraternal, maternal |
|
The suffix -ar |
lunar, solar, familiar |
2. French Affixes
Nouns |
The suffix -ance |
arrogance, endurance, hindrance, etc. |
The suffix -ence |
consequence, intelligence, patience, etc. |
|
The suffix -ment |
appointment, development, experiment, etc. |
|
The suffix -age |
courage, marriage, passage, village, etc. |
|
The suffix -ess |
tigress, lioness, actress, adventuress, etc. |
|
Adjectives |
The suffix -ous |
curious, dangerous, joyous, serious, etc. |
Verbs |
The prefix en- |
enable, endear, enact, enfold, enslave, etc. |
12.2. Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary
The native element |
The borrowed element |
I. Indo-European |
I. Celtic (5th - 6th c. AD) |
II. Germanic |
II. Latin. 1st group: 1st с. ВС; 2nd group: 7th c. AD; 3rd group: the Renaissance period |
III. Scandinavian (8th - 11th c. AD) |
|
IV. French. 1. Norman borrowings: 11th - 13th c. AD; 2. Parisian borrowings (Renaissance) |
|
V. Greek (Renaissance) |
|
III. English Proper (no earlier than 5th c. AD) |
VI. Italian (Renaissance & later) |
VII. Spanish (Renaissance & later) |
|
VIII. German |
|
IX. Indian |
|
X. Russian & some other groups |
The 2nd column: more groups & a greater quantity of Ws. Modern scholars: LWs are 65-70% of the Eng vocabulary. A straight vocabulary count → Eng is as a language of international / Romance origin (Fr & Lat Ws prevail). The relative frequency of Ws occurrence → Eng is of the Anglo-Saxon origin. The native element comprises a large number of high-frequency Ws: articles, Prps, PrNs, Conjs, auxiliaries & Ws denoting everyday objects & ideas (house, child, water, go, come, eat, good, bad). The grammatical structure is essentially Germanic.
The original stock of the Eng vocabulary consists of 3 groups, only the 3rd is dated. The Ws of this group appeared in the Eng vocabulary after the Germanic tribes migrated to the British Isles. The Indo-European & Germanic groups are so old that they cannot be dated.
The Indo-European element: Ws of roots common to all / most languages of the Indo-European group. Eng Ws of this group denote elementary concepts without which no human communication is possible (From Аракин В. Д. Очерки по истории английского языка). The Germanic element: Ws of roots common to all / most Germanic languages.
|
Indo-European |
Germanic |
Family relations |
father, mother, brother, son, daughter |
|
Parts of the human body |
foot (cf. R. пядь), nose, lip, heart |
head, hand, arm, finger, bone |
Animals |
cow, swine, goose |
bear, fox, calf |
Plants |
tree, birch (cf. R. береза), corn (cf. R. зерно) |
oak, fir, grass |
Time of day |
day, night |
|
Heavenly bodies |
sun, moon, star |
|
Adjs |
red (cf. Ukr. рудий, R. рыжий), new, glad (cf. R. гладкий), sad (cf. R. сыт) |
green, blue, grey, white, small, thick, high, old, good |
Numerals |
1-100 |
|
PrNs |
Personal (except they, Scand.); demonstrative |
|
Vs |
be (cf. R. быть), stand (cf. R. стоять), sit (cf. R. сидеть), eat (cf. R. есть), know (cf. R. знать, знаю) |
see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer, make, give, drink |
Natural phenomena |
|
rain, frost |
Seasons of the year |
|
winter, spring, summer |
Landscape features |
|
sea, land |
Human dwellings & furniture |
|
house, room, bench |
Sea-going vessels |
|
boat, ship |
Eng proper Ws stand alone in the vocabulary system of Indo-European languages: bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, daisy, always. The Eng proper element also contains all the Ws made after the 5th c. according to Eng W-building patterns both from native & borrowed morphemes: beautiful built from the Fr borrowed root & the native suffix. The Eng proper element is opposed to the 1st 2 groups: 1) can be approximately dated. 2) specifically Eng having no cognates (Ws of the same etymological root in other languages).
Cognates for Indo-European & Germanic Ws: star: Germ. Stern, Lat. Stella, Gr. Aster; sad: Germ. satt, Lat. satis, R. сыт, Snscr. sd-; stand: Germ, stehen, Lat. stare, R. стоять, Snscr. stha-.