- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
9.10. Conversives
Conversives: buy :: sell; give :: receive; ancestor :: descendant; parent :: child; left :: right; cause :: suffer; saddening :: saddened.
F. Palmer: conversives (relational opposites) denote 1 & the same referent / situation from different points of view, with a reversal of the order of participants & their roles. The interchangeability & contextual behaviour are specific. The relation is closely connected with grammatical contrast of active & passive. The substitution of a conversive does not change the meaning of a sentence if it is combined with appropriate regular morphological & syntactical changes & Prps: He gave her flowers. She received flowers from him. = She was given flowers by him.
Some linguists: conversives are a subset of Ants. Others: Ants & conversives together constitute the class of contrastives. It seems more logical to stress that they must be distinguished, even if the difference is not always clear-cut. The same pair of Ws, fathers & sons, may be functioning as Ants / as conversives.
An important point: conversive relations are possible within the semantic structure of 1 & the same W. M. Nikitin: Vs wear, sell, tire, smell & Adjs glad, sad, dubious, lucky. Sell is not only the conversive of buy, it means ‘be sold’, ‘find buyers’ (The book sells well). The same contrast of active & passive sense is observed in sad ‘saddening’ & ‘saddened’, dubious & doubtful mean ‘feeling doubt & inspiring doubt’.
This peculiarity of conversives becomes prominent if we compare equivalents in various languages. The English marry renders both conversive meanings: Mary married Dick / Dick married Mary. In a number of languages, including Russian, there are 2 verbs: one for the woman & another for the man.
Questions
Give definition of homonyms.
What is the difference between homophones & homographs?
What are classifying criteria of homonyms by I. V. Arnold?
What is the difference between full & partial homonyms?
Provide examples of lexical, LG & grammatical homonyms.
Can homonymy develop from polysemy?
What does disintegratopn of polysemy consist in?
Give definition of synonyms
What is the difference between a synonymic dominant & a hyperonym?
What does synonymic symmetry imply?
What sources of synonymy do you know?
How are antonyms classified semantically?
How are antonyms classified morphologically?
What is the difference between marked & unmarked antonyms?
What is the difference between proper & complementary antonyms?
Literature
Антрушина Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка = English Lexicology [учеб. пособ.] / Г. Б. Антрушина, О. В. Афанасьева, М. М. Морозова. – 8-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Дрофа, 2008. – 288 с. – (Высшее образование).
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка : [учеб. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз.] (на англ. яз.) / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М. : Высш. шк., 1986. – 295 с.
Дубенец Э. Современный английский язык. Лексикология = Modern English: Lexicology : [лекции и семинары] / Эльвина Михайловна Дубенец. – М. : Феникс, 2010. – 192 с.
Елисеева В. В. Лексикология английского языка : учеб. / Варвара Владимировна Елисеева. – СПб. : СПбГУ, 2003. – 58 с.
Зыкова И. В. Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учеб. пособ. для студ. лингв. вузов и ф-тов ин. языков / Ирина Владимировна Зыкова. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Академія, 2008. – 288 с.
Каменська І. Б. Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни «Лексикологія» для студентів філологічних спеціальностей заочної форми навчання / І. Б. Каменська, К. В. Краэва. – Ялта : РВВ КГУ, 2011. – 95 с.
Hurford J. R. Semantics : [a coursebook] / J. R. Hurford, B. Heasley, M. B. Smith. – 2nd ed. – CUP, 2007. – 364 p.
Jones S. Antonymy: A Corpus-Based Perspective / Steven Jones. – Routledge, 2002. – 216 p.