- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
2.3. Theory of oppositions
Lexical opposition is the basis of lexical research & description. Lexicological theory & description are brought together in the same general technique of analysis, the cornerstone of which is N. Trubetzkoy’s theory of oppositions (1st used in phonology).
The language system consists of several subsystems based on oppositions, differences, samenesses & positional values. A lexical opposition is a semantically relevant relationship of partial difference between two partially similar Ws.
Each lexical unit possesses a certain number of characteristic features variously combined & making each separate W a special sign different from all other Ws. Lexical distinctive feature is a features capable of distinguishing a W in morphological form / meaning from an otherwise similar W / variant. In the opposition doubt :: doubtful the distinctive features are morphological: root W, n; derived adj.
The features in common form the basis of a lexical opposition. The feature may be constant / variable, / the basis may be formed by a combination of constant & variable features. Without a basis of similarity no comparison & no opposition are possible. When the basis is not limited to the members of 1 opposition, the opposition is polydimensional. Lexical group is a subset of the vocabulary all the elements of which possess a particular feature forming the basis of the opposition.
Questions
1. What lexical units are characterized as two-facet elemets?
2. Which language unit is regarded as the basic one?
3. What functions do lexical units perform?
4. What types of lexical units do you know?
5. Why is the lexical system referred to as an adaptive one?
6. How can interaction of various levels of the language system be illustrated?
7. Characterize syntagmatic & paradigmatic relationships within the lexical system.
8. What is the principal difference between the functional & onomasiological approaches to the studies of meaning?
9. Why is the theory of opposition regarded as a cornerstone of lexicological research?
Literature
Антрушина Г. Б., Афанасьева О. В., Морозова М. М. Лексикология английского языка. – М Антрушина Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка = English Lexicology [учеб. пособ.] / Г. Б. Антрушина, О. В. Афанасьева, М. М. Морозова. – 8-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Дрофа, 2008. – 288 с. – (Высшее образование).
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка : [учеб. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз.] (на англ. яз.) / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М. : Высш. шк., 1986. – 295 с.
Дубенец Э. Современный английский язык. Лексикология = Modern English: Lexicology : [лекции и семинары] / Эльвина Михайловна Дубенец. – М. : Феникс, 2010. – 192 с.
Елисеева В. В. Лексикология английского языка : учеб. / Варвара Владимировна Елисеева. – СПб. : СПбГУ, 2003. – 58 с.
Зыкова И. В. Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учеб. пособ. для студ. лингв. вузов и ф-тов ин. языков / Ирина Владимировна Зыкова. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Академія, 2008. – 288 с. – (Высшее профессиональное образование).
Каменська І. Б. Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни «Лексикологія» для студентів філологічних спеціальностей заочної форми навчання / І. Б. Каменська, К. В. Краэва. – Ялта : РВВ КГУ, 2011. – 95 с.
Crystal D. The English language: A Guided Tour of the Language / David Crystal. – 2nd ed. – Penguin Books, 2004. – 336 p.