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Comprehension check

  1. Look back in the text and find words that have similar meaning to:

  1. enormous (adj)

  2. influenced (past participle)

  3. very small (adj)

  4. melt (v)

  5. main (adj)

  6. pollution (n)

  7. harm (n)

  8. leads to (v)

  9. deactivate (v)

  10. degree (n)

  11. completely finished (past participle.)

  12. serious (adj)

  13. whole (adj)

  14. widespread (adj)

  15. result (n)

  16. problem (n)

  17. fall into pieces (v)

Focus on language

  1. Complete the table. Turn the words given in the table into verbs, nouns and adjectives. Use a dictionary if necessary.

VERB

NOUN

ADJECTIVE

damage

exhaust

increase

emission

absorb

industrial

extinction

developing/developed

contaminate

contribute

pollutant

decline

harm

endanger

expansive

reaction

Practice

  1. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the words in capitals.

a) Floods and droughts are serious issues in ……… countries.

DEVELOP

b) We are worried by the ……… amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

INCREASE

c) There should be laws to protect ……… species from

poaching.

DANGER

d) By the year 2030, 25% of all animals, birds, fish and insects may be ……….

EXTINCTION

e) Vehicle exhausts are the major ……… of the air.

CONTAMINATE

f) The ……… effect of deforestation on wildlife is growing bigger every year.

HARM

g) The ……… number of whales in the oceans is one of the major concerns for marine biologists,

DECLINE

h) I have never worked with such highly ……………. substances!

REACTION

i) It is very costly to restore historical structures and buildings ……… by acid rain.

DAMAGE

  1. Read these sentences. What grammar rule do they follow?

  • Acid rain is strongly acidic rain which/that absorbs microscopic particles of nitric acid or sulfuric acid as it falls towards the ground.

  • In Asia, acid rain is having truly serious consequences in China, which is the second largest producer of coal in the world.

  • As the acidity level of soil increases, aluminum and other harmful metals contained in the soil begin to dissolve, which also contributes to the death of aquatic life.

Relative clauses with which, that, who, whose and where

  • If relative clauses give essential information they do not have commas.

e.g. A good lab assistant is one whose equipment works well.

  • If relative clauses give extra information, and can be left out, they have a

comma before the clause and a comma or a full stop after it.

e.g. My junior brother wants to study in Boston university, where I did my postgraduate course.

  • Which/that can be omitted if they are the object in a relative clause.

e.g. The book (that/which) he is reading now is about great maritime explores.

  • Which can be used in a relative clause to refer to the whole sentence.

e.g. Acid rain makes soil highly acidic, which leads to the drying and death of forests.

  • What is used in relative clauses to mean the thing that.

e.g. What the lecturer said about the consequences of acid rain was shocking.