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What do you think?

  • How many joint discoveries or inventions can you name?

  • Who made them? Did they find any application?

  • Which would you prefer: working in collaboration with other scientists and making a joint discovery or competing with others and working on your own? Why? Give reasons.

Get real

Search the Internet or look in popular science magazines and books for the information about an accidental or joint discovery or invention made before the 20th century. Report your findings to the class. Follow the outline below:

  • discovery or invention

  • discoverer(s) or inventor(s)

  • circumstances

Speaking

Work in teams. Hold a “balloon debate”. Each team chooses the name of the inventor or discoverer they have learnt about. Explain why his/her invention or discovery is so important that the inventor or discoverer should be the last one left in the falling balloon, while the others jump out to save him/her.

Tool box: Agreeing and disagreeing

Opinions

I think (that)… In my opinion…

As for me…

Agreeing

Absolutely; Right / That right; I agree/ You’re right

Disagreeing

I know, but… I take/see your point, but… I’m not sure… That’s not true…

Writing

A competition was announced at your department to write a short article for the university newspaper on the subject: “Great Events in Science.” Your task is to focus on inventions and discoveries made before the 20th century. Choose to write about a scientist who you think made the most significant contribution to the development of your field of science or science in general.

Write an article of about 150 words. Make use of the texts about Lomonosov, Pascal and Edison as a model. Follow the guidelines:

  • give the article a title

  • introduce the subject

  • give some factual information

  • give your opinion and some supporting information

In the Realm of Science

  1. Words like volt and watt have become part of our language, e.g. a volt is the unit of electrical potential, or difference in electrical pressure, expressing the difference between two electrical charges.

A watt is a unit of electrical power. However, we sometimes forget that these are the names of famous scientists. A volt is named after Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), the Italian physicist. A watt is named after James Watt (1736-1819), the English inventor of a steam engine.

Do you know what these terms mean and who they are named after?

ampere ['æmpɛə]

kelvin ['kelvin]

Fahrenheit ['fær(ə)nhait]

bel [bel]

curie ['kju(ə)ri]

pascal [pæ'skæl]

coulomb ['ku:lɔm]

Celsius ['selsiəs]

hertz [hə:ts]

roentgen ['rʌntjən; 'rʌntgən]

farad ['færəd]

ohm [əum]

weber ['webər; 'veibər]

newton ['nju:t(ə)n]

  1. Remember how to say the names of some well-known scientists:

Babbage ['bæbiʤ]

Avogadro [,ævə'ga:drəu]

Isaac Newton ['aizək 'nju:t(ə)n]

Curie ['kju(ə)ri]

Descartes [dei'ka:t]

Pythagoras [pə'θægərəs; pai-]

Bohr [bɔ:r]

Aristotle ['æri,stɔt(ə)l]

Hippocrates [hi'pa:krə,ti:z]

Plato ['pleitəu]

Archimedes [,a:kə'mi:diz]

Aristarchus [,æri'sta:rkəs]

Euclid ['ju:klid]

Einstein ['ainstain]

Roentgen ['rʌntjən; 'rʌntgən]

  1. Arithmetic operation is a mathematical expression involving numbers.

Division

(:)

21: 3=7

twenty one divided by three is/equals seven

Multiplication

or times

(×)

4×3=12

- the multiplication of four by three gives twelve - four times three equals twelve

Subtraction

or minus

(–)

4–3=1

- the subtraction of three from four leaves one

- four minus three equals one

Summation, addition/plus

(+)

4+3=7

- the summation of four and three gives even

- four plus three equals seven

Equality

(=)

25:5=5

twenty five divided by five is/equals five

  1. Read and remember some mathematical symbols.

is not equal to

ray AB

<

is less than

AB

the length of

>

is greater than

triangle

is less than or equal to

is approximately equal to

is greater than or equal to

is similar to

(     )

Parentheses (grouping symbol)

is parallel to

[     ]

Brackets (grouping symbol)

infinity

{     }

Braces (grouping symbol)

pi, 3.14159

|     |

Absolute Value Bars

is congruent to

is an element of

therefore

is not an element of

square root

or

is a subset of

right angle

or

is not a subset

!

factorial

the set of

the sum of

the intersection of

e

numeric constant 2.71828

angle

perpendicular

line AB

degree(s)

segment AB

Unit 1 Progress Monitoring

In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic:

“Evolution of Natural Sciences”

  • to make a discovery

  • to develop an idea/theory/principle

  • to measure time/distance/mass

  • scientific accomplishments

  • to examine/study/investigate sth

  • theoretical/experimental science

  • accidental/joint/shared/independent

  • to explain a physical phenomenon

discovery invention/

  • to lead to a discovery of sth

  • addition/summation/plus

  • to determine/observe sth

  • subtraction/minus

  • to be a great step forward to sth

  • multiplication/ division

  • to conduct/make experiments

  • to do research

  • to patent an invention/method

  • to equal sth./to be equal to sth

  • to make a contribution to science

Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.