- •4. On the East Side
- •I. Translate the following phrases and sentences from the text:
- •II. Give the principal forms of the following verbs:
- •III. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and sentences. Use them in situations based on the text:
- •IV. Respond to the following questions or statements and correct them(if necessary). When expressing disagreement make sure you begin your answers with such commonly accepted phrases as:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Find evidence in the text to support the following statements:
- •VII. Talk about: a) Erik's summer experience; b) Erik's interview with Professor Fox; c) Professor Fox's first impression of Erik Gorin.
- •VIII. Make up dialogues between:
- •XVIII. Give English equivalents for the following short sentences (see Vocabulary and Ex. Ill):
- •XIX. Suggest Russian equivalents for the word combinations in bold type and explain the use of the synonyms in the following sentences:
- •XX. Read the following sentences paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Suggest their Russian equivalents:
- •XXI. Translate the following situations paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type:.
- •XXII. Make up short dialogues using the following structural patterns:
- •XXIII. Read the text and retell it following the points in the outline given below. Make a list of the words and word combinations in the text which you could use to develop each point:
- •XXIV. Make up situations based on the episode from the autobiography of Charlie Chaplin using the following word combinations and structural patterns:
- •1. Clauses of Unreal Condition
- •II. Give the principal forms of the following verbs:
- •III. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and sentences. Use them in situations based on the text:
- •IV. Respond to the following questions or statements and correct them if necessary (see Unit One, Ex. IV, p. 22):
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Find evidence in the text to support the following statements:
- •VII. Quote sentences which prove that it is a humorous story.
- •VIII. Make up stories as they might have been told by:
- •XVI. Form as many questions as possible on the topics given below using the pattern to have smth done. Ask your comrades to answer your questions:.
- •XVII. Make up short situations using the following pairs of structural patterns:
- •XVIII. Read (he text and retell it in the form of a story retaining the sentences of unreal condition:
- •XIX. Give English equivalents for the following short sentences (see Vocabulary and Ex. Hi):
- •XX. Suggest Russian equivalents for the words and word combinations in bold type and explain the use of the synonyms in the following sentences:
- •XXI. Read the following sentences paying careful attention to 'he words and word combinations in bold type. Suggest their Russian equivalent:
- •XXII. Translate the following situations. Use the active vocabulary of Unit Two for the words and word combinations in bold type:
- •XXIII. Make up short dialogues using the following structural patterns:
- •XXIV Read the story and retell it following the outline given below. Make a list of the words and word combinations in the text which you could use to develop each point:
- •XXV. Make tip situations based on the story "The-Legend of Sleepy Hollow" using the following word combinations and structural patterns:
- •I. Translate the following sentences and situations:
- •II. Render into English:
- •Vocabulary extension
- •1. Sentences with /Is-clauses
- •2. Had better, would rather
- •3. The Absense of Article with Nouns in Apposition
- •Vocabulary
- •I wonder who he is, what he wants, why he is here, whether he will come again:
- •I. Translate the following sentences from the text:
- •II. Give the principal forms of the following verbs?
- •III. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and sentences and use them in situations based on the text:.
- •IV. Respond to the following questions or statements and correct them if necessary (see Unit One, Ex. IV, p. 22):
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI Find evidence in the text to support the following statements:
- •VII Make up stories as they might have been told by:
- •VIII Make up dialogues between:
- •XV. Respond to the following statements, questions or requests using had better or would rather. Give two variants wherever possible. Add a sentence or two to make the situation clear:
- •XVI. Give English equivalents for the following short sentences (see Vocabulary and Ex. Ill):
- •XVII. Read the following sentences paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type and suggest their Russian equivalents:
- •XVIII.Analyse the use of the tenses in the following sentences. Translate them .Into Russian:.
- •XIX. Translate the following situations. Use the active vocabulary of Unit Three for the words and word combinations in bold type;
- •XX. Read the story and retell it Following the outline given below. Make a list of the words in the text which you could use to develop each point:.
- •XXI. Make up situations based on the story "The Tattoo" using the following word combinations and structural patterns:
- •XXII. Make up sentences based on the story "The Tattoo" using clauses of unreal condition.
- •I. Use one of the patterns - to do smth, to have smth done, to want/need doing smth - in your answers to the question: What would you do or say or ask if....:
- •II. Translate the following sentences and situations a) into Russian::
- •III. Render into English:
- •Vocabulary extension
- •1. Read the following text and translate the word combinations given below each point of the outline. Retell the text following the points:
- •II. Read the text and retell it in the form of a story. Enlarge on the story making use of the words and word combinations from the previous text "Being hi";
- •III. Read the text and write down the words and word combinations connected will; dentistry giving their Russian equivalents. Retell the text in brief;
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Translate the following phrases and sentences from the text:;
- •II. Give the principal forms of the following verbs:
- •III. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and use them in situations based on the text:;
- •IV. Develop the thought expressed in each sentence to bring out the meaning of the words in bold type:
- •V. Give a neutral variant for each of the following:
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences using the structural patterns:
- •VIII. Give English equivalents for the following short sentences (see Vocabulary and Ex. Ill):
- •IX. Read the following sentences paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Suggest their Russian equivalents:
- •X. Make up short dialogues using the following structural patterns:
- •1. Sentences with so fAaf-clauses ... Move his chair so that he can see
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Translate the following phrases and sentences from the text:
- •VI. Find evidence in the texts (in both parts) to support the following statements:
- •VII. Give a detailed description of each of the following episodes in the third person (Texts 1, 2)I
- •VIII. Make up stories as they might have been told by:
- •IX. Make up character-sketches of Mr. Drake and Mrs. Thayer. Make a list of words and word combinations to help you describe the characters.
- •X. Suggest a title for the story and give your reasons.
- •XI. Translate the following sentences using the structural patterns?
- •XII. Give English equivalents for the following Russian short sentences (see Vocabulary and Ex. III):
- •XIII. Read the following sentences paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Suggest their Russian equivalents:
- •XIV. Translate the following situations. Use the active vocabulary of Unit Four for the words and word combinations in bold type;
- •XV. Read the story and give full answers to the questions that follow the text. Make a list of the words in the text which you could use in your answers:
- •XVI. Make up situations based on the text "One Coat of White" using the following word combinations and structural patterns:
- •XVII. Read (he story and write out English and American equivalents for the Russian words given after the text:
- •Vocabulary extension
- •I. Read the text paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Give their Russian equivalents. Get ready to discuss the problem:
- •III. Comment on the following statements concerning visiting, tact, manners (use facts from the texts to prove, illustrate or refute them):
- •IV. Topics for discussion:
- •V. Read the text and retell it:
- •VI. Give a talk on the difference between be and ae, Make up a written outline to guide you.
- •VII. Read the poem. Try to trace the similarity in the views of the author of the poem and the main character of the story "Liberty Hall". Could you accept this attitude towards life?
- •I. Interpret the words given in bold type:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Point out the main thought expressed by the poet in each of the three stanzas of the poem.
- •IV. Memorize the poem.
- •V.Read extracts from the following poems. Point out their lexical and syntactical peculiarities using the commentary given to the poem "The Song of the Wage-Slave":
- •VI. State what kinds of relations form the basis for each case of metonymy in the text of the poems "To the Men of England", 'The Song of the Shirt" and "Sons of Poverty".
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Give (he principal forms of the following verbs?
- •III. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and sentences and use them in situations based on the text:
- •IV. Answer the following questions.
- •V. Mke up stories as they might have been told by:
- •VI. Find evidence in the text to support the following statements:
- •VII. Suggest a title for the text and give reasons for your choice.
- •VIII. Give ail possible Russian equivalents for the parts in bold type;
- •IX. Translate the following sentences using the structural patterns:
- •X. Give English equivalents for the following short sentences (see Vocabulary and; Ex. Ill):
- •XI. Suggest Russian equivalents for the word combinations in bold type and explain the use of the synonyms in the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate the following situations. Use the active vocabulary of Unit Six for the words and word combinations in bold type:
- •XIII. Make up short dialogues using the following structural patterns:
- •XV. Make up situations based on the story "Patients Needed" using the following word combinations and structural patterns:
- •Vocabulary extension
- •I. Reproduce the following situations based on the works of famous English and American authors. Make sure that you use the active vocabulary:
- •II. Insert prepositions if necessary:
- •III. Read the story and retell it. Then, using it as a basis, think of sentences which will contain clauses of unreal condition:
- •IV. Read the text and translate it into Russian paying careful attention to the use of the modal verbs. Make up another dialogue with the same structural patterns:
- •V. Respond to the following statements expressing probability, doubt, incredulity or near certainty;
- •VI. Change the following sentences using didn't have to or needn't have done to express absence of necessity:
- •VII. Revise the texts included in Units One-Six. Get ready to answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Make up dialogues on the following topics:
- •IX. Translate the following situalions in written form:
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Look up the synonyms to snatch, to seize, to grip (схватить) in an English-English dictionary or a reference book and explain the difference between them.
- •I. Translate the following sentences or parts of sentences from the text:)
- •II. Find English equivalents in the text for the following Russian word combinations, phrases and sentences:
- •III. Reproduce situations from the text using the following word combinations:
- •IV. Make up disjunctive questions or wrong statements covering the contents of the story and ask your comrades to respond to them (see Unit One, Ex. IV, p. 22).
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Find evidence in the text to support the following statements:
- •VII. Make up stories as they might have been told by:
- •VIII. Make up dialogues between:
- •IX. Make up character-sketches of Mrs. Packletide and Miss Mebbin.
- •I. Translate the following sentences using the structural patterns:
- •II. Make up short situations suggested by the following sentences paying careful attention to the word combinations in bold type:
- •III. Translate the following sentences paying careful attention to the parts in bold type:
- •IV. Read the sentences and explain the use of the synonyms to snatch, to seize, to grip:
- •V. Read the story and retell it following the outline given below. Make a list of the words in the text to develop each point:
- •VI. Make up situations based on the story "His Wedded Wife" using the following word combinations:
- •VII. Render into English:
- •VIII. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equivalents for the parts in bold type:
- •1. Sentences with before-clauses
- •2. Infinitive of Subsequent Action
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying careful attention to the word combinations in bold type:
- •II. Look up the verb to change in an English-English dictionary and write down its meanings. In which of the meanings is it synonymous to the verb to alter? Explain the difference. Give examples.
- •I. Translate into Russian passages from the text which begin and end as follows:
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and senr tences:
- •III. Reproduce situations from the text using the following word combinations
- •IV. Make up disjunctive questions or wrong statements covering the contents of the story and ask your comrades to respond to them (see Unit One, Ex. IV, p. 22).
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate the following sentences using the structural patterns:
- •III. Make op situations suggested by the following sentences paying careful attention to the word combinations in bold type:
- •IV. Translate the following sentences paying careful attention to the parts in bold type:
- •V. Read the following sentences paying carefuJ attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Suggest their Russian equivalents:
- •VI. Make up short dialogues using the following structural patterns:
- •VII. Read the story and retell it following the outline given below. Make a list of the words and word combinations in the text which you could use to develop each point:
- •VIII. Make up sentences based on the story "The Pendulum" using the following word combinations and structural patterns:
- •IX. Render into English:
- •X. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equivalents for the parts in bold type:
- •1. Absolute Nominative Constructions
- •2. There's not a...
- •3. Participle I as Adverbial Modifier
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Translate the following sentences paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Give possible variants:
- •II. Look up the meanings of the verbs to divide and to share as used in the following sentences and say how they differ:
- •I. Translate into Russian passages from the text which begin and end as follows;
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and sentences:
- •III. Reproduce situations from the text using the following words and word combinations:
- •IV. Make up disjunctive questions or wrong statements covering the contents of the story and ask your comrades to respond to them (see Unit One, Ex. IV, p. 22).
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate the following sentences paying careful attention to the absolute nominative constructions:
- •III. Translate the following sentences using the structural patterns:
- •IV. Translate the following sentences paying careful attention to the parts in bold type:
- •V. Read the following sentences carefully and suggest Russian equivalents for the word combinations in bold type:
- •VI. Translate the following sentences using the verbs to share and to divide:
- •VII. Make up short dialogues using the following structural patterns:
- •VIII. Read the story and retell it following the outline given below. Make a list of the words in the text which you could use to develop each point:
- •IX. Make up situations based on the story "The Boy Next Door" using the following word combinations and structural patterns:
- •X. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equivalents for the parts in bold type:
- •I. Translate the following situations paying careful attention to the words and word combinations in bold type:
- •II. Render into English:
- •I. Interpret the following sentences:
- •II. Ahswer the following questions:
- •III. Learn the poem by heart.
- •IV. The following are three translations of John Barleycorn. Which variant do you prefer? Give reasons for your choice:
- •V. Give the metrical scheme used in the following verses. Point out all the violations of the metre;
- •2. Clauses of Real Condition
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Translate the following phrases and sentences from the text:
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and sentences:
- •III. Reproduce situations from the text using the following words and word combinations:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Make up situations suggested by the following sentences paying careful attention to the word combinations in bold type:
- •III Translate the following sentences paying careful attention to the parts in bold type:.
- •IV. Make up short dialogues using the following structural patterns:".
- •V. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equivalents for the parts in bold type:
- •1. Sentences with while-clauses
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Translate the following sentences from the text:
- •II. Give English equivalents for the following sentences:
- •III. Reproduce situations from the text using the following words and word combinations:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Find evidence in the text to support tfie following statements:
- •VI. Make an outline of the text and retell it following your points.
- •VII. Read the sentences with while-clauses. State the meaning of while and the time relations of the actions:
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences using the structural patterns:
- •IX. Make up short situations using the following gerundial phrases?
- •XI. Make up situations suggested by the following sentences paying careful attention to the word combinations in bold type:
- •XII. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equivalents for the parts in bold type:
- •XIII. Render into English:
- •XIV. Read the following excerpt and retell it in brief:
- •I. Translate into Russian the following sentences and passages from the text which begin and end as follows:
- •II. Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and sentences;
- •III. Reproduce situations from the text using the following word combinations!
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Read the following sentences and commeqf on the character of the semantic relations between the components of the verb-postpositive phrases in bold type. Give their Russian equivalents:
- •X. Translate the Following sentences paying careful attention to the parts in bold type:
- •XI. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equisralents for the verb-postpositive phrases in bold type:
- •XIV. Read the following excerpts and retell them in brief:
- •1. Translate the following sentences and situations:
- •III. Read the end of the story and retell it using the following verb-postpositive phrases wherever possible. Reread the whole story and discuss the title:
- •I. Reproduce the following situations. Make sure that you use the active vocabulary:
- •II. Fill in prepositions and postpositives:
- •III. Point out the structural patterns and explain their use. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Revise the texts included in Units Seven-Thirteen. Get ready to answer the following questions:
- •VI. Choose any 10 word combinations out of the following list and "rite sentences (or short situations) in Russian based on the story "The Boatswain's Mate". Discuss the sentences in class:
- •VII. Make up dialogues on the following topics:
- •VIII. Translate the following situations in written form:
- •I. Supply a title to the story and give reasons for your choice.
- •II. Pick out sentences in the story illustrating the various types of if-clauses.
- •III. Make up 5 Russian sentences with clauses of unreal condition based on the story. Ask your comrades to translate them into English.
- •I. What helps you guess the author of the passage? What is the author's name?
- •II. How do you know that it is a passage from a detective story?
- •III. Have you read any short stories by the author? Tell one of them.
- •I. What do we learn from the extract about the author's way of reading? What did he gain from such reading?
- •II. Why did he call himself a bad reader?
- •I. What book does the passage come from?
- •II. What do you think of the man? What made him such an extraordinary person? Why did he attract other people?
- •I. What is the title of the story? Who is its author?
- •Il. What state do you think Johnsy was in? Why did she watch the dry leaves falling?
- •III. What happened later?
- •I. What book does the extract come from? Comment on the language.
- •II.How did the man happen to find himself in the gloomy passages alone and half-dressed?
- •III. Write a simplified version of the passage using your active whenever possible.
- •I. Pick out all the proverbs in the story and give their Russian equivalents.
- •II. Write an end to the story using some of the following proverbs;
- •I. What story does the passage fit into?
- •II. What do you think the cause of Mr. Jones's illness was?
- •I. How does (he passage fit info the story "One Coat of White"?
- •II. Bring out the meaning of "People don’t often look their business". Do you agree to the statement? Give examples to justify jour point of view.
- •I. How does the author characterize a modern disease the name of which is travel? Are you taken with a similar disease when your summer or winter vacations are coming?
- •II. What aim do you set yourself when you travel or go hiking?
- •III. What thoughts in the extract strike you as most humorous?
- •I. What efforts at self-improvement have you ever made? Were they successful?
- •II. Write a short story about one of your efforts at self-improvement and what came of it.
- •III. Pick out words and word combinations in the story which you think are used by the author to achieve a humorous effect.
- •I. Make up a few questions on the passage and ask your comrades to answer them.
- •II. Think of a number of statements concerning events in the text and ask your comrades to find evidence in the text to support them.
- •I. What story is the passage taken from? How does it fit into it?
- •II. What did the girl look like as she hurried to the painter's studio? What do you know about her from the rest of the story?
- •III. What city is described in the passage? What similes help you guess? What do you know about the city?
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •II. Give English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations and phrases:
- •III. Answer the following questions. Make use of the word combinations listed in brackets:
- •IV. Translate the following sentences using words and word combinations from the text:
- •V. Make a written translation of the following passages:
- •VI. Reproduce the following passages:
- •VII. Speak on the Soviet Union's achievements in different spheres of life. Make use of the text and the additional passages given in Exercises V, VI.
II. Render into English:
ВИЗИТ ФРАМТОНЛ В ДЕРЕВНЮ
1. "Я советую тебе поехать в эту деревню и пожить некоторое время у миссис Сэплтон. Это очень симпатичная семья. В прошлом году я там чудесно провела время", - сказала миссис Натл своему младшему брату, очень нервному молодому человеку. Фрамтон согласился, хотя у него совершенно не было настроения ехать в деревню.
2. Так случилось, что когда он приехал, миссис Сэплтон была занята на кухне, и его встретила ее племянница, Вера, очень решительная молодая особа. Вере было 15 лет, и она любила придумывать необыкновенные истории, которые часто пугали знакомых тети.
3. Фрамтону сразу понравилась девушка, но когда она начала рассказывать о трагической гибели мужа тети, ее младшего брата и их спаниеля, он пожалел, что дал себя уговорить остановиться у них в доме. Его тревога уступила место ужасу, когда Вера принялась рассказывать подробности этой трагической истории ...
4. "Они пошли туда на свой страх и риск", - продолжала Вера. - Вы знаете, в прошлом году часто шли дожди, и было опасно
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охотиться в здешних болотах. Как ни уговаривала их тетя отказаться от мысли идти на охоту в тот день, все было напрасно, они и слушать об этом не хотели. Они твердили, что хорошо знают дорогу и нет никакого риска застрять в болотах... Но ... они не вернулись..." Вера тяжело вздохнула. "Если бы они послушались совета тети, ничего подобного бы не случилось. Сегодня ровно год, как они погибли, а тетя все еще их ждет..." Вера так увлеклась своим рассказом, что не заметила, что мистер Натл был на грани обморока.
5. Вдруг из сада донесся лай собаки, и к своему ужасу Фрамтон увидел две фигуры среди деревьев. В то же самое время миссис Сэплтон вошла в комнату. "Здравствуйте, мистер Натл! Очень рада Вас видеть", - сказала она весело, протягивая ему руку. Затем миссис Сэплтон взглянула в окно. "Ну вот и хорошо, обед готов, и наши мужчины возвращаются с охоты".
Холодная дрожь пробежала у него по спине. Мистер Натл испуганно вскрикнул и бросился из комнаты. "Что с ним? - спросила миссис Сэплтон с удивлением. - Вера, что ты ему наговорила? Он выглядел таким испуганным. Ты должна положить конец этому и перестать рассказывать ужасные истории. Ничего хорошего из этого не выйдет, к нам перестанут приезжать..." Вера ответила, как ни в чем не бывало, что это не ее вина. "Наш спаниель, должно быть, напугал его. Мистер Натл сказал мне, что он смертельно боится собак..."
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UNIT TEN
JOHN BARLEYCORN
A Ballad
By Robert Burns (1759-1796)
There were three kings into the east, Three kings both great and high, And they had sworn a solemn oath John Barleycorn should die. They took a plough and plough'd him down, Put clods upon his head; And they had sworn a solemn oath John Barleycorn was dead. But the cheerful spring came kindly on, And showers began to fall; John Barleycorn got up again, And sore surprised them all. The sultry suns of summer came, And he grew thick and strong; His head well arm'd wi' pointed spears, That no one should him wrong. The sober autumn enter'd mild, When he grew wan and pale; |
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His bending joints and drooping head Show'd he' began to fail. His colour sicken'd more and more He faded into age. And then his enemies began To show their deadly rage. They've ta'en a weapon long and sharp, And cut him by the knee; Then tied him fast upon a cart, Like a rogue for forgerie. They laid him down upon his back, And cudgell'd him full sore; They hung him up before the storm, And turn'd him o'er and o'er. They filled up a darksome pit With water to the brim; They heaved in John Barleycorn, There let him sink or swim. They laid him out upon the floor, To work him further woe; And still as signs of life appear'd, They toss'd him to and fro. They wasted o'er a scorching flame The marrow of his bones; But a miller used him worst of all - He crushed him 'tween two stones, And they ha'e ta'en his very heart's blood, And drank it round and round, And still the more and more they drank, Their joy did more abound. John Barleycorn was a hero bold, Of noble enterprise; For if you do but taste his blood, 'Twill make your courage rise, 'Twill make a man forget his woe; 'Twill heighten all his joy; "Twill make the widow's heart to sing, Though the tear were in her eye. Then let us toast John Barleycorn, Each man a glass in hand, And may his great posterity Ne'er fail in old Scotland! |
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COMMENTARY
1. The poem "John Barleycorn" is written in the form of a ballad. A ballad is a short narrative poem with both lyric and epic elements. Ballads were originally sung by bards or minstrels. The origin of the word is the Latin ballare which means 'to dance. The form of the ballad varies. Burns's ballads are generally folk songs arranged by the poet in this form of poetic art. "John Barleycorn" is a ballad consisting of fifteen stanzas of four lines each. The length of the lines varies. The odd lines (the first, the third) are eight syllable lines; the even lines (the second, the fourth) are six syllable lines. This alteration of lines is typical of the ballad form. This ballad is written in iambic metre, i. e. the even syllables are stressed; the odd - unstressed.
2. "John Barleycorn" is a poetic description of how Scotch whisky is made: the planting of the barley, the harvesting, the threshing, the making of malt, the crushing of the malt and distillation.
Burns undoubtedly meant it as an allegory. John Barleycorn evidently represents the Scottish people, their undying strength in resisting subjugation. It illustrates the joyous and rebellious spirit of Scottish folklore. The depiction of the spirit is built on a stylistic device called personification; barleycorn is represented as a human being. This personification is very skilfully carried out by the poet. John Barleycorn is a human being, 'a hero bold,' a people's hero whose freedom-loving spirit the three kings united to crush.
3. The poem is written in the national English language, but we find in it some peculiarities of dialectal pronunciation and word usage typical of the Scottish dialect. They are still used in the spoken language in Scotland. Thus, the word have in unstressed position was pronounced ha'e [hæ] the preposition with in Scotch is pronounced without the final th, as in wi' pointed spears.
The preposition into in the first line of the poem is also a dialectal word meaning in. In Old and Middle English the prepositions into and in were used indiscriminately. Since the 14th century into in the meaning of in is used only in Scottish.
In the 16th century there was a tendency to leave out i in it in colloquial speech, as in: on't, in't, for't, etc. This omission of i in it is still found in the Scottish dialect. In English poetical language we
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very frequently find such omission, e. g. 'tis instead of it is, 'twill instead of it will.
The preposition between was formerly composed of two words: the Old English prefix be- in the meaning of at or near and tween from the Old English word twēჳen in the meaning of two. The form tween is used now only in poetry.
4. It was noted in Unit 5 that there are a number of words or their forms in the vocabulary of Modern English which are called poetic. As most of them are archaic, they are not used in ordinary colloquial or literary English of the present day and are preserved in the vocabulary for special stylistic purposes, mainly in poetry.
Thus in the text of the poem we find the words ta'en, o'er, ne'er. These are contracted forms of the words taken, over, never. It is interesting to note that these contracted forms in the 16th, 17th and even at the beginning of the 18th century belonged to the ordinary spoken language. In the word taken the k had been dropped before alveolar consonants, but later it was reintroduced on the analogy of the other forms of the verb to take.
In the line 'And cudgell'd him full sore' full is an archaic adverb still used in the Scottish dialect. The meaning is very. The word is now considered poetic.
5. As you already know the ending -ed in the Past Tense and Past Participle of regular verbs is pronounced as a separate syllable [id] only after the dental t or d, as in lasted, needed. In other cases it is pronounced either [d] if the ending -ed follows a voiced consonant or a vowel as in surprised, armed, ploughed, or [t] if the ending -ed follows a voiceless consonant as in tossed, crushed. However, in poetry the ending -ed is frequently pronounced as a separate syllable [id] not only after t or d. In that case a special graphical indication may be used on the letter e, as in filléd, heavéd.
This pronunciation of the ending -ed, caused by the requirements of the metre, has called forth the necessity of pointing out the regular pronunciation of -ed after voiced consonants and vowels. This is generally done by the (') which is placed instead of the letter e, as in plough'd, enter'd, turn'd and others.
6. The adverb sore is archaic (poetic). In the sentence 'And sore surprised them all' it means to a great extent, very much. It always carries an additional shade of meaning - to a painful or distressing degree. That is the meaning the word has in the line quoted. (Compare it with the Russian archaic word зело).
7. In poetry the form of the adjective is sometimes used instead of the adverb; for example, in the text of the poem the word mild in the sentence 'The somber autumn enter'd mild' is used instead of the word mildly.
8. The combination of the verb to come and the postpositive on has various meanings. The most general meaning is to advance. In
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the sentence 'But the cheerful spring came kindly on? the combination came on means continued to advance.
9. In the sentence 'That no one should him wrong' the pronoun him is placed between the auxiliary verb should and the verb wrong. This word order is not typical of the English language, nor is it typical of the Scottish dialect. It was evidently done by the poet for the sake of rhyme.
10. In the sentence ' 'Twill make the widow's heart to sing' the Complex Object containing an infinitive with the particle to after the verb to make is archaic. In modern English, in Complex Objects that follow the verb to make the Infinitive is used without to. In the Scottish dialect the archaic form still survives.
11. The word wan, the original of which is the Anglo-Saxon word wann (dark, gloomy), is now used mostly as a poetic word.
The meaning of this word is faded or sickly. This is the meaning of the adjective in the sentence 'When he grew wan and pale'.
12. The suffix -en added to adjectives as in darken, deepen, widen and to nouns as in lengthen, strengthen, frighten forms verbs with the meaning implied in the stem. Thus, to sicken means to become sick; to heighten - to make higher, greater in. degree.
13. 'Faded into age'. In this phrase the preposition into introduces the result brought a6out by the action of fading. This is rather a frequent use of the preposition, e. g. She grew into a good-looking girl.
14. The word darksome is composed of the adjective dark and the suffix -some. This, like the above-mentioned suffix -en, is not productive, i. e., new words are not formed with the help of this suffix. But it has survived in such words as tiresome, troublesome, wholesome and a few other words. The word darksome is poetic. In ordinary English the adjective dark is used.
15. In the line 'For if you do but taste his blood' the word but means only and is used here together with the verb do as an emphasizing particle of the verb to taste.
It is frequently used in colloquial English in this function, e. g. if you but know - if you only knew.
16. 'And may his great posterity ne'er fail in old Scotland!' The combination of may + Infinitive is used in exclamatory sentences to express a wish. This form is rather archaic. It is used mainly iri poetry or in certain special cases: in oaths, or in solemn speech, etc, e. g. May he live a hundred years! May you be happy!
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EXERCISES