VIII. Make up sentences based on the story "The Pendulum" using the following word combinations and structural patterns:

to have one's way; to be annoyed at; to be in the habit of doing; to run out (patience); this (that) was how matters stood; to make out; to come home to find; to make the most of the evening; (not) to feel like doing smth; to bring smb to his senses; to neglect smb; to draw the line somewhere; to make up for smth; to make things all right; to be startled; there's nothing like home; needn't have done; to look forward to doing; be/ore-clauses

IX. Render into English:

1. Рип был славным, но ленивым малым, У него никогда не были настроения работать у себя на ферме, хотя он охотно помогал своим соседям. Это не могло не раздражать его жену. "Я должна положить этому конец. Он становится невыносимым", - твердила она себе. 2, Хотя Рип никогда с ней не спорил, он чувствовал, что его терпению приходит конец. Рипа раздражало, когда жена не позволяла ему поступать по-своему. 3. "Как бы мне хотелось уйти в горы и немного отдохнуть там. Конечно, я рискую, что меня опять будут ругать, на чем свет стоит, но мне все равно", - думал Рип. Эта мысль так захватила его, что он на время забыл о своих невзгодах. Он стал ждать удобного случая, чтобы осуществить свою мечту. 4. В то утро Рип проснулся очень рано. Солнце еще не взошло. Он выскользнул из дома и, взяв с собой ружье и кликнув собаку, отправился в путь. С милю дорога шла по ржаному полю, а затем сворачивала налево в горы. По мере того как солнце поднималось выше и выше, все вокруг, казалось, оживало. Рип радовался своей свободе и наслаждался ею, как только мог. 5. Рип поднимался по склону, когда услышал, что кто-то зовет его. Рип обернулся и увидел странного маленького человечка, который нес на плече бочонок с вином. Он делал Рипу знаки, чтобы тот остановился и .помог ему. Холодная дрожь пробежала у Рипа по спине. "Мне не следовало бы идти в горы одному". Он вспомнил, как один из его соседей говорил ему: "В этом году в горах происходят странные вещи. На твоем месте, я бы не ходил туда один..." Рип был страшно напуган. Однако, когда он встретился взглядом: с незнакомцем, его страх уступил место любопытству.

X. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equivalents for the parts in bold type:

1. He had been used to having his own way and I could believe that when crossed, he would be hard and cruel. 2. "I hear that Jack is back," she told her husband at dinner. "I shall go over tomorrow and get the things he promised to bring me." - "I wouldn't do that. He's pretty sure to drop in towards sundown." - "I can't wait. I'm crazy to have them." - "All right. Have it your own way!" 3. "I don't .intend to sell the villa after all, or even let it. Now things are changed and I can afford to keep it." 4. "It's no use crying over spilt milk. It would only make things worse if I made a fuss."5. "I understand, Mrs. Milner, that you will be here now and then to see how

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things are going." 6. Мог usually cycled over to Demoyte's House, but this time he felt more like walking. 7. "Don't imagine for a moment that I'm in the habit of making my friend run errands for me." 8. "A few minutes ago you asked me to leave your house." - "I was angry because you'd made a fool of yourself," she replied. "I wanted to bring you to your senses." 9. He had to do her the justice to admit that she'd never bothered him. There'd been no scenes. They had no quarrels. She seemed to take it for granted that he should go his own way. 10. ... Мог was not used to looking at pictures, and these ones startled him. 11. I had just begun on the second flight (of steps), when a voice suddenly spoke my name. "Jenkins?" I have to admit that I was at that moment startled by the sound. 12. Philip listened complacently to the abuse of a man who had gone out of his way to be kind to him. 13. It was plain that he was going out of his way to be nice to his father. 14. It is strange that men ... should go out of their way to cause themselves so much unhappiness. 15. Since the old man had gone away, the place had been neglected. 16. "I guess the place looks pretty "run down," said Dade. "Not like when your old man ran it." 17. Running the house is dull for you but you've got to stand by your mother for the moment. 18. "You are not well. What is it?" - "I just feel rather tired." - "But to walk in your sleep ... You've never done that before. Did your mother ever do it? Is it something that runs in families? I think you ought to see Doctor Phillips. You are run down." 19. In fact the letter of credit which Glyn's Bank had given me was running out. 20. "We haven't been on speaking terms for 20 years. Freddy never forgave him for his behaviour during the war ... One really must draw the line somewhere." 21. I had often amused my fancy with the prospect of just one week's complete idleness. But ... when I was suddenly faced with nothing to do and had to make the best of it, I was taken aback. 22. He had never been able to shine in company, but he had made up for it by a certain business ability which the others could not rival. 23. I couldn't make out whether she was serious or not. 24. "I can't make out why she is here, and whether she really likes being here ... If I spoke her language as you do, I'd soon have it out with her." 25. Then I gave a kind of leap. I wrenched myself away from him and made for the door. 26. He seemed as though he were talking round the subject. It was not like him. 27. There are so many rules, that you don't know where you stand. 28. It's so hard to remember the actual words, -isn't it, especially when they don't seem to make sense.

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REVISION (UNITS ONE-SIX)

Choose any ten word combinations and structural patterns from among the following and make up sentences or short situations based on the story "Clear Profit":

to have a feeling that ..., ... could hardly control herself; (not) expect smb to do smth; to try to persuade srab to do smth; she doubted if ...; to treat smb as an equal; (not) to welcome an idea; a

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difficult person to deal with; her nerves were on edge; she didn't care; to be incapable of doing smth; to be to blame for what has (had) happened; to break the silence; can(not) afford a holiday; to give a sigh of relief; I wish he were here; as if nothing had happened; if he had done so, ... would be doing; must have talked him out of ;..; can he have done so?

Read the poem. Do you think there is anything in the poem that might reflect Enid's mood? Try your hand at translating the poem into Russian:

THE RAINY DAY

By H.W. Longfellow (1807-1882)

The day is cold, and dark, and dreary; It rains, and the wind is never weary; The vine still clings to the mouldering wall, But at every gust the dead leaves fall, And the day is dark and dreary. My life is cold, and dark, and dreary; It rains, and the wind is never weary; My thoughts still cling to the mouldering Past, But the hopes of youth fall thick in the blast, And the days are dark and dreary. Be still, sad heart! And cease repining; Behind the clouds is the sun still shining; Thy fate is the common fate of all, Into each life some rain must fall, Some days must be dark and dreary.

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UNIT NINE

TEXT

THE SNOB

By Morley Callaghan

It was at the book counter of the department store that John Harcourt, the student, caught a glimpse of his father, At first he could not be sure in the crowd that pushed along the aisle, but there was something about the color of the back of the elderly man's neck, something about the faded felt hat, that he knew very well. Harcourt was standing with the girl he loved, buying a book for her. All afternoon he had been talking to her, eagerly, but with an anxious diffidence, as if there still remained in him an innocent wonder that she should be delighted to be with him. From underneath her wide-brimmed straw hat, her face, so fair and beautifully strong with its expression of cool independence, kept turning up to him and sometimes smiled at what he said. That was the way they always talked,

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never daring to show much full, strong feeling. Harcourt had just bought the book, and had reached into his pocket for the money with a free, ready gesture to make it appear that he was accustomed to buying books for young ladies, when the white-haired man in the faded felt hat, at the other end of the counter, turned half-toward him, and Harcourt knew he was standing only a few feet away from his father.

The young man's easy words trailed away and his voice became little more than a whisper, as if he were afraid that everyone in the store might recognize it. There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness; something very precious that he wanted to hold seemed close to destruction. His father, standing at the end of the bargain counter, was planted squarely on his two feet, turning a book over thoughtfully in his hands. Then he took out his glasses from an old, worn leather case and adjusted them on the end of his nose, looking down over them at the book. His coat was thrown open, two buttons on his vest were undone, his hair was too long, and in his rather shabby clothes he looked very much like a working-man, a carpenter perhaps. Such a resentment rose in young Harcourt that he wanted to cry out bitterly, "Why does he dress as if he never owned a decent suit in his life? He doesn't care what the whole world thinks of him. He never did. I've told him a hundred times he ought to wear his good clothes when he goes out. Mother's told him the same thing. He just laughs. And now Grace may see him."

So young Harcourt stood still, with his head down, feeling that something very painful was impending. Once he looked anxiously at Grace, who had turned to the bargain counter. Among those people drifting aimlessly by with hot red faces, getting in each other's way, using their elbows but keeping their faces detached and wooden, she looked tall and splendidly alone. She was so sure of herself, her relation to the people in the aisles, the clerks behind the counters, the. books on the shelves, and everything around her. Still keeping his head down and moving close, he whispered uneasily, "Let's go and. have tea somewhere, Grace."

"In a minute, dear," she said.

"Let's go now."

"In just a minute, dear," she repeated absently.

"There's not a breath of air in here. Let's go now."

"What makes you so impatient?"

"There's nothing but old books on that counter."

"There may be something here I've wanted all my life," she said, smiling at him brightly and not noticing the uneasiness in his face.

So Harcourt had to move slowly behind her, getting closer to his father all the time. He could feel the space that separated them narrowing. Once he looked up with a vague, sidelong glance. But his father, red-faced and happy, was still reading the book, only now there was a meditative expression on his face, as if something in the book had stirred him and he intended to stay there reading for some time.

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Old Harcourt had lots of time to amuse himself, because he was on a pension after working hard all his life. He had sent John to the university and he was eager to have him distinguish himself. Every night when John came home, whether it was early or late, he used to go into his father and mother's bedroom and turn on the light and talk to them about the interesting things that had happened to him during the day. They listened and shared this new world with him. They both sat up in their night clothes, and, while his mother asked all the questions, his father listened attentively with his head cocked on one side and a smile or a frown on his face. The memory of all this was in John now, and there was also a desperate longing and a pain within him growing harder to bear as he glance'd fearfully at his father, but he thought stubbornly, "I can't introduce him. It'll be easier for everybody if he doesn't see us. I'm not ashamed. But it will be easier. It'll be more sensible. It'll only embarrass him to see Grace." By this time he knew he was ashamed, but he felt that his shame was justified, for Grace's father had the smooth, confident manner of a man who had lived all his life among people who were rich and sure of themselves.

John looked up cautiously, for they were about eight feet away from his father, but at that moment his father, too, looked up and John's glance shifted swiftly far over the aisle, over the counters, seeing nothing. As his father's blue, calm eyes stared steadily over the glasses, there was an instant when their glances might have met. Neither one could have been certain, yet John, as he turned away and began to talk hurriedly to Grace, knew surely that his father had seen him. He knew it by the steady calmness in his father's blue eyes. John's shame grew, and then humiliation sickened him as he waited and did nothing.

His father turned away, going down the aisle, walking erectly iii his shabby clothes, his shoulders very straight, never once looking back. His father would walk slowly down the street, he knew, with that meditative expression deepening and becoming grave.

Young Harcourt stood beside Grace, brushing against her soft shoulder, and made faintly aware again of the delicate scent she used. There, so close beside him, she was holding within her everything he wanted to reach out for, only now he felt a sharp hostility that made him sullen and silent.

"You were right, John," she was drawling in her soft voice. "It does get unbearable in here on a hot day. Do let's go now. Have you ever noticed that department stores after a time can make you really hate people?" But she smiled when she spoke, so he might see that she really hated no one.

"You don't like .people, do you?" he said sharply.

"People? What people? What do you mean?"

"I mean," he went on irritably, "you don't like the kind of people you bump into here, for example."

"Not especially. Who does? What are you talking about?"

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"Anybody could see you don't," he said recklessly, full of a savage eagerness to hurt her. "I say you don't like simple, honest people, the kind of people you meet all over the city." He blurted the words out as if he wanted to shake her, but he was longing to say, "You wouldn't like my family. Why couldn't I take you home to have dinner with them? You'd turn up your nose at them, because they've no pretensions. As soon as my father saw you, he knew you wouldn't want to meet him. I could tell by the way he turned."

Grace watched John's gloomy face as they walked through the store, and she knew he was nursing some private rage, and so her own resentment and exasperation kept growing, and she said crisply, "You're entitled to your moods on a hot afternoon, I suppose, but if I feel I don't like it here, then I don't like it. You wanted to go yourself. Who likes to spend a lot of time in a department store on a hot afternoon? I begin to hate every stupid person that bangs into me, everybody near me. What does that make me?"

"It makes you a snob."

"So I'm a snob now?" she asked angrily.

"Certainly you're a snob," he said. They were at the door going out to the street. As they walked in the sunlight, in the crowd moving slowly down the street, he was groping for words to describe the secret thoughts he had always had about her. "I've always known how you'd feel about people I like who wouldn't fit into your private world," he said.

"You're a very stupid person," she said. Her face was flushed now, and it was hard for her to express her indignation, so she stared straight ahead as she walked along.

They had never talked in this way, and now they were both quickly eager to hurt each other. With a flow of words, she started to argue with him, then checked herself and said calmly, "Listen, John, I imagine you're tired of my company. There's no sense in having tea together. I think I'd better leave you right here."

"That's fine," he said. "Good afternoon."

"Good-bye."

"Good-bye."

She started to go, she had gone two paces, but he reached out desperately and held her arm, and he was frightened, and pleading, "Please don't go, Grace," he said.

All the anger and irritation had left him; there was just a desperate anxiety in his voice as he pleaded, "Please forgive me. I'd no right to talk to you like that. I don't know why I'm so rude or what's the matter. I'm ridiculous. I'm very, very ridiculous. Please, you must forgive me. Don't leave me."

He had never talked to her so brokenly, and his sincerity, the depth of his feeling, began to stir her. While she listened, feeling all the yearning in him, they seemed to have been brought closer together, by opposing each other, than ever before, and she began to feel almost shy. "I don't know what's the matter. I suppose we're

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both irritable. It must be the weather," she said. "But I'm not angry, John."

He nodded his head miserably. He longed to tell her that he was sure she would have been charming to his father, but he had never felt so wretched in his life. He held her arm tight, as if he must hold it or what he wanted most in the world would slip away from him, yet he kept thinking, as he would ever think, of his father walking away quietly with his head never turning.

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COMMENTARY

NOTES

1. A snob is a person who has too great a respect for wealth and social position, who is ashamed of connections with people in what are called "the lower walks of life"; who despises anyone whose achievements in life are lower than his own.

The word snob (snobbery) came into wide use after the appearance of "The Book of Snobs", by the English satirist W.M. Thackeray, published in 1848. Its origin is unknown.

2. ... and in his rather shabby clothes he looked very much like a working-man.

Once he looked anxiously at Grace ...

Among these people ... she looked tall and splendidly alone.

He looked up cautiously, for they were about eight feet away from his father.

As seen from the above examples the verb to look may enter into different' grammatical structures. The potential ability of a word to appear in specific grammatical structures is termed grammatical valency (грамматическая валентность).

As a rule a difference in grammatical structures signals a difference in the meaning of a word, e. g.

• to look like smb - to be similar in appearance to smb

• to look at smb - to deliberately turn one's eyes towards smb or smth

• to look + adj - to have a certain appearance

• to look up - to raise one's eyes

Another characteristic of vocabulary units is lexical valency (лексическая валентность) which is the aptness of a word to appear in different collocations (сочетание слов). For example, in the text we find the adjective easy combined with the noun words in the sentence: The young man's easy words trailed away ... Непринужденность, с которой молодой человек разговаривал с девушкой, стала исчезать.

The adjective easy can also be found in many other combinations, e.g. an easy task (not difficult - легкое задание), an easy life (free rom trouble, anxiety, etc - лёгкая, беззаботная жизнь), an easy

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path (comfortable to walk along - удобная тропа), easy manners (not showing embarrassment - непринужденные манеры), etc, thus displaying different shades of its meaning.

The grammatical valency of English and Russian words similar in meaning is not always identical and requires careful attention, e. g.

• to suggest that smb do smth - предлагать кому-л. сделать что-л.

• to operate on smb - оперировать кого-л.

• to think it wrong to do smth - считать неправильным сделать что л.

The same difficulty can be revealed when comparing the lexical valency of words in English and Russian. Words which correspond in their general meaning cannot always be combined in the same way, e.g.

• fresh water - пресная вода

• a bad mistake - грубая ошибка .

• high hopes - большие надежды

• to make tea - заварить чай

STRUCTURAL PATTERNS