8. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Самая актуальная и сложная проблема судебной лингвистической экспертизы в настоящее время - установление авторства.

2. Системы обнаружения вторжений обеспечивают дополнительный уровень защиты компьютерных систем.

3. Одним из отличительных свойств рекламы является высокая вариативность языковых средств.

4. Главная задача стилистики - изучение и описание лингвистических характеристик, стилистических признаков и стилистических свойств отдельного текста с целью определения авторства.

5. Совокупность особенностей, характеризующих речь отдельного индивидуума, называется идиолект.

6. Стилистический анализ является основой лингвистической экспертизы конфликтного текста.

7. К судебно-автороведческим классификационным задачам мы можем отнести установление определенных общих характеристик в отношении личности создателя текста - его возраст, профессию, родной язык, место формирования языковых навыков, половую принадлежность.

8. Одним из видов экспертных задач может явиться установление эмоционального состояния автора в момент создания текста.

9. Выступите в качестве переводчика.

The interview with Tim Grant, Deputy Director at the Centre for Forensic Linguistics at Aston University.

Correspondent: г-н Грант, чем лингвистика отличается от судебной лингвистики?

Mr. Grant: Academic linguistics is the study and description of language patterns, traditional grammatical descriptions and how we use language across a variety of contexts. Forensic linguistics is the description of language used in forensic contexts. Forensic situations include police interviews, courtrooms or writings that become part of an investigation. We don't only work on investigations; we're also interested in wills and contracts, the language police use asking questions in interviews and the language of lawyers and judges in courtrooms.

Correspondent: Каким образом судебная лингвистика помогает правоохранительным органам?

Mr. Grant: It depends on the case. Sometimes we’re asked to look at writings in cases where police already have a suspect. In these cases we can compare the known writings of the suspect with the incriminating documents. The task then is to try to say whether the suspect wrote them.

Recent cases have included analyses of terrorist conspiracy documents, of a fraudulent suicide note and of a set of threatening emails. I've developed a particular interest in text messages and Internet chat and have been involved in a number of cases in this area. Our evidence in these cases can be admitted to court.

In cases where police don't yet have a suspect, we can look at the language and try to work out the sort of a person the writer might be. We may be able to say whether there’s more than one writer, whether they're a man or a woman and their likely background. This work is based more on likelihood than certainty but can be helpful in scaling down the search.

In other cases police know who wrote the text but might want to know what the person meant. For example, if I write in a text that I’m going to "juk" or "bore" you this can be street slang meaning to stab and could constitute a threat.

Correspondent: Что помогает Вам в создании портрета человека, совершившего преступление?

Mr. Grant: We won't try to provide a psychological profile of a writer or describe a writer's intent. I won't, for example, be able to determine whether a person is lying or how likely they are to carry out a threat. We do sometimes work together with forensic psychologists who may come to judgements about these issues.

We can describe a sociolinguistic profile, however. Language varies by social group. One example would be the substantial academic literature on language differences between men and women. We use this literature but turn it on its head. Rather than taking a range of writings by men and a range by women and describing the differences between them, we take a single text and ask, from our knowledge of the generalities, which group it belongs to.

Also different social groups sometimes use different dialects. In one case the phrase "bad-minded men" was used. This was an unusual phrase to me but is fairly common in the Jamaican-Caribbean community, so use of the phrase seems to suggest membership of, or contact with, that group.

Writers fall into habits and patterns not only of language but also of writing behaviours. Sometimes you'll notice the letters or emails in a case are only sent on Sundays, for example, and this may tell you something about the writer or fit with something else the police know.

Correspondent: Используете ли Вы компьютер в своей работе? Чем он Вам помогает?

Mr. Grant: We can also use statistical and computer analyses, which can pick up patterns that may not be obvious to the eye. This is more developed in comparative authorship analyses where we know, for example, that the rate of use of functional words (short words like 'of', 'and', 'the' or 'but') can be used to distinguish between authors. This works well with longer texts and we've been developing alternative techniques for short texts such as SMS text messages and online chat.

We also use word-frequency distributions, which are statistical measures of the richness and diversity of a person's vocabulary. The computational and statistical work in the profiling area is at the leading edge. We've got postgraduate students looking at non-native writers in English and identifying their first language through statistical analyses of their language.