14. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Судебная лингвистика представляет собой применение лингвистических знаний в правовой сфере.

2. Судебная лингвистика занимается изучением и анализом языка юридических документов и судебных процессов.

3. Судебный лингвист работает с различными видами документов, которые имеют отношение как к уголовным делам так и к гражданским спорам, включая договоры, соглашения, заявления, оспариваемые завещания, предсмертные записки, а также письма с требованием выкупа.

4. Помощь судебного лингвиста может потребоваться при анализе языка перекрестных допросов, свидетельских показаний, предписаний судьи и техники ведения допросов.

5. Лингвистическая экспертиза помогает в разрешении споров по вопросам интеллектуальной собственности и торговым знакам.

15. Проектная работа. Переведите текст на русский язык (письменно). Сравните классификацию областей судебной лингвистической экспертизы, принятую в англоязычных странах с российской (воспользуйтесь Интернет-ресурсами и Википедией). Определите сходства и различия в структуре и терминологии. Представьте свою работу в виде презентации.

All areas of linguistics are used in forensic applications: phonetics and phonology (including spelling), morphology, syntax, semantics, discourse analysis, pragmatics, stylistics, and interpretation and translation:

Auditory phonetics makes use of auditory methods of analysis for the discrimination and identification of speakers by victims and witnesses.

Acoustic phonetics analyzes speech using acoustic methods for speaker discrimination and identification by instrumental means.

Semantics focuses on the comprehensibility and interpretation of written and spoken language that is difficult to understand, e.g., consumer product warnings, jury instructions, trademarks, etc.

Discourse analysis is the study of extended utterances, such as narratives and conversations of the type that takes place within the judicial process.

Pragmatics is the analysis of a speaker’s intended meaning in contexts of actual language use. Forensic linguists use the theoretical tools provided by discourse analysis and pragmatics to analyze the function of language used in specific contexts, such as dictation, conversations, hearings, questioning, and the language of specific speech acts, e.g., threats, promises, warnings, etc.

Stylistics examines cases of questioned authorship. Forensic applications of methods for determining authorship are related to cases requiring the linguist to determine (1) if all the writings in a questioned set were authored by one person, (2) if a questioned writing was written by one of a number of possible authors, or (3) if a questioned writing was or was not authored by one writer who is proposed as the suspect author based on external nonlinguistic evidence. All levels of language (sounds as represented by spelling, words, meaning, sentence grammar, and language use) are possible markers of writing style.

Language of the law is concerned with assuring that the legal language of statutes and of legal and consumer writings be clear, brief, and simple, i.e., plain language.

Language of the courtroom studies courtroom discourse, including analyses of the language of witnesses, lawyers, and judges.

Interpretation of one spoken language into another is the object of studies on interpretation tasks specific to legal venues, e.g., questions and answers in testimony, pretrial interpretation, the role and task of the interpreter, etc.

Translation work relates to providing reliable translations of written material needed in legal proceedings.

UNIT 2. AUTHORSHIP IDENTIFICATION