1. Посмотрите на рисунки и определите, какие слова помогут Вам описать каждый из них.

Writing, pen, pencil, ballpoint pen, paper, type-writer, alphabet, penmanship, style of handwriting, ink, letters, rubber stamp, font style, lines, cursive writing,

2. Прочитайте определения данных выше слов, и переведите эти слова на русский язык.

1. Writing is a system of human visual communication using signs or symbols associated by convention with units of language meanings or sounds recorded on materials such as paper, stone, or clay.

2. A ballpoint pen is a writing instrument which features a tip that is automatically refreshed with ink.

3. Penmanship is the technique of writing with the hand using a writing instrument.

4. Rubber stamp is a piece of rubber affixed to a handle and bearing raised characters used to make ink impressions, as of names or dates.

5. Font style is a typeface variation (normal, bold, italic, bold italic).

6. Line is a horizontal row of printed or written words or symbols.

7. Cursive is any style of handwriting that is designed for writing notes and letters quickly by hand. In the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic writing systems, the letters in a word are connected, making a word one single complex stroke. In fact, the word comes from the Latin cursivus, meaning "flowing".

3. Замените русские слова в скобках на их английские эквиваленты. Переведите предложения.

1. The advent of the (пишущей машинки) in 1873 reduced the need for handwriting.

2. Today the influence of the early (алфавитов) is seen throughout Europe and the Americas.

3. (Письменность) evolved because people had a desire to communicate their thoughts with others.

4. A forensic document examiner deals with items such as (чернила, карандаш, бумага).

5. (Школы каллиграфии) became extinct early in the 20^th century as the typewriters replaced handwriting in modern business.

6. For typing, the document examiner observes characteristics of the typeface, (полиграфического шрифта), spacing between letters and (строками).

4. Найдите ответы на вопросы.

1. What is the origin of the word “alphabet”?

2. What contribution did Romans do in the development of alphabet?

3. What does the word “italic” mean?

4. What alphabet is used in Russia and Eastern European countries?

1. Our present cursive handwriting is called italic, the word which comes from Italy. Today italic means script that slants to the right.

2. The word stems from the first two letters of Greek alphabet, alpha and beta. Their alphabet consists of 24 letters.

3. The Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Greek is used in Russia and Eastern European countries. This alphabet was introduced by St. Cyril and Methodis who proselytized* the Slavic tribes of East Europe in the ninth century.

4. The Romans borrowed the alphabet from the Greek and gave letters their names. For several centuries their writing consisted of disconnected capital letters then they invented the lowercase letters that were patterned from the capital letters. These letters simplified the forms and made it easier to copy manuscripts.

*to proselytize – обращать в другую веру